Typical chromatogram showing metabolites of galangin. The identities of metabolites was confirmed using a combination of retention time, selected ion monitoring LC/MS, tandem mass spectrometry with metal complexation, enzyme hydrolysis with sulphatase and glucuronidase, and UV spectra. No pure authentic standards were available for galangin metabolites. Suspected metabolites are labelled G1-G4, with galangin aglycone (identified by use of an authentic standard) labelled G5.