Comparison of the late ERP negativities elicited by auditory oddball stimuli in criminal psychopaths (Kiehl et al., in press-a), patients with temporal lobe damage (Yamaguchi and Knight, 1993) and patients who had undergone temporal lobectomy for the treatment of intractable epilepsy (Johnson, 1989). All three groups are typified by an enhanced N2b, diminished frontal P3, and enlarged late negativity (N500), relative to control participants.