Appendix 1.
Mean anatomical data on hind limb muscles collected for each species
|
H. lar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tendon length (cm) |
|||||||
| Mass (g) | MTU length (cm) | Origin | Insertion | Mean fascicle length (cm) | Ext. tendon length (cm) | Belly mass (g) | |
| THIGH | |||||||
| Gluteus superficialis | 61.5 | 19.6 | – | 6.4 | 13.2 | – | 61.5 |
| Gluteus medius | 38.1 | 10.6 | – | 3.2 | 5.9 | – | 38.1 |
| Gluteus minimus | 7.4 | 5.3 | – | 1.6 | 3.5 | – | 7.4 |
| Pectineus | 2.8 | 6.5 | – | 0.7 | 5.3 | – | 2.8 |
| Obturator internus | 8.4 | 6.3 | – | 2.8 | 3.6 | – | 8.4 |
| Obturator externus | 7.4 | 6.5 | – | 2.2 | 4.4 | – | 7.4 |
| Piriformis | 6.7 | 7.8 | – | 2.1 | 6.2 | – | 4.5 |
| Adductor magnus | 78.6 | 21.1 | – | 8.2 | 13.8 | – | 78.5 |
| Adductor longus | 6.1 | 12.6 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 8.7 | – | 6.1 |
| Adductor brevis | 10.6 | 10.2 | – | – | 9.8 | – | 3.5 |
| Quadratus femoris | 4.8 | 4.7 | – | – | 3.8 | – | 4.8 |
| Rectus femoris | 17.1 | 20.7 | 6.3 | 10.9 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 16.9 |
| Vastus medialis | 19.3 | 18.8 | – | 8.2 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 19.2 |
| Vastus intermedius | 42.1 | 23.0 | – | 11.6 | 8.0 | – | 42.1 |
| Vastus lateralis | 63.2 | 19.1 | 7.0 | 10.8 | 8.2 | 3.1 | 62.9 |
| Gracilis | 9.1 | 23.6 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 21.7 | – | 9.1 |
| Sartorius | 15.3 | 25.7 | 2.2 | – | 24.8 | – | 15.3 |
| Semimembranosus | 9.8 | 23.5 | 9.0 | 7.6 | 13.1 | 4.7 | 9.5 |
| Semitendinosus | 17.2 | 27.0 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 19.0 | 3.8 | 17.0 |
| Biceps femoris (long head) | 10.0 | 23.2 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 9.7 | 1.6 | 9.5 |
| Biceps femoris (short head) | 6.5 | 9.3 | – | 3.5 | 5.3 | – | 6.5 |
| SHANK | |||||||
| Tibialis anterior | 8.7 | 15.7 | – | 9.5 | 7.9 | 3.2 | 8.3 |
| Extensor digitorum longus | 4.2 | 24.6 | – | 19.9 | 7.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
| Extensor hallucis longus | 2.8 | 20.4 | – | 12.9 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 2.7 |
| Peroneus longus | 5.8 | 22.0 | – | 18.7 | 5.4 | 9.7 | 5.6 |
| Peroneus brevis | 2.2 | 12.3 | – | 9.6 | 4.0 | – | 1.3 |
| Soleus | 10.5 | 17.5 | 14.7 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 2.4 | 10.2 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 12.7 | 20.0 | 6.3 | 15.6 | 5.9 | – | 11.8 |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 16.8 | 19.1 | 4.3 | 14.7 | 6.4 | – | 16.8 |
| Plantaris | 6.9 | 18.1 | – | 15.3 | 5.0 | – | 2.3 |
| Tibialis posterior | 6.4 | 20.0 | – | 16.3 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 6.1 |
| Flexor tibialis | 6.1 | 23.6 | – | 16.7 | 7.3 | 5.0 | 5.8 |
| Flexor fibularis | 21.2 | 26.7 | – | 18.7 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 20.6 |
| Popliteus | 3.1 | 5.6 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.6 | – | 3.1 |
|
H. pileatus | |||||||
| Tendon length (cm) |
|||||||
| Mass (g) | MTU length (cm) | Origin | Insertion | Mean fascicle length (cm) | Ext. tendon length (cm) | Est. belly mass (g) | |
| THIGH | |||||||
| Gluteus superficialis | 38.0 | 16.1 | – | 4.4 | 10.9 | – | 38.0 |
| Gluteus medius | 27.7 | 11.3 | – | 6.8 | 6.3 | – | 27.7 |
| Gluteus minimus | 5.0 | 7.5 | – | 1.4 | 5.4 | – | 5.0 |
| Pectineus | 2.5 | 5.1 | – | – | 4.9 | – | 2.5 |
| Obturator internus | 7.8 | 6.9 | – | 4.4 | 3.2 | – | 7.8 |
| Obturator externus | 5.2 | 5.1 | – | 2.0 | 2.8 | – | 2.6 |
| Piriformis | 5.6 | 8.0 | – | 3.8 | 4.4 | – | 5.6 |
| Adductor magnus | 49.0 | 21.5 | – | 10.3 | 13.0 | 5.8 | 48.9 |
| Adductor longus | 11.3 | 11.7 | – | 4.4 | 8.7 | – | 11.3 |
| Adductor brevis | 3.7 | 7.2 | – | – | 5.7 | – | 1.9 |
| Quadratus femoris | 2.4 | 3.3 | – | – | 3.3 | – | 2.4 |
| Rectus femoris | 11.7 | 20.8 | 14.7 | 16.4 | 8.3 | 1.8 | 10.2 |
| Vastus medialis | 19.8 | 21.8 | – | 17.2 | 8.3 | 2.4 | 9.4 |
| Vastus intermedius | 33.7 | 23.6 | – | 17.3 | 7.7 | – | 33.7 |
| Vastus lateralis | 37.9 | 23.1 | 12.5 | 10.8 | 8.3 | – | 37.9 |
| Gracilis | 6.8 | 20.7 | – | 4.5 | 17.3 | 4.4 | 6.7 |
| Sartorius | 9.8 | 23.6 | 4.1 | – | 21.7 | – | 9.8 |
| Semimembranosus | 9.1 | 22.7 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 11.7 | 6.6 | 8.8 |
| Semitendinosus | 10.5 | 23.6 | – | 9.9 | 18.6 | 4.5 | 10.2 |
| Biceps femoris (long head) | 8.4 | 22.4 | 8.6 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 2.7 | 8.1 |
| Biceps femoris (short head) | 4.2 | 11.0 | 6.1 | 5.4 | 6.1 | – | 4.2 |
| SHANK | |||||||
| Tibialis anterior | 5.9 | 20.4 | – | 13.4 | 7.6 | 3.9 | 5.4 |
| Extensor digitorum longus | 3.9 | 23.6 | – | 18.1 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 3.4 |
| Extensor hallucis longus | 1.8 | 17.8 | – | 9.2 | 8.0 | 5.1 | 1.7 |
| Peroneus longus | 2.7 | 11.8 | 3.9 | 17.7 | 4.5 | 9.2 | 2.2 |
| Peroneus brevis | 1.5 | 13.1 | – | 11.1 | 6.1 | 2.4 | 1.2 |
| Soleus | 5.3 | 16.9 | – | 11.5 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 5.2 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 8.3 | 19.9 | 9.0 | 14.8 | 6.2 | 5.0 | 6.9 |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 11.8 | 20.4 | 8.0 | 10.9 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 11.8 |
| Plantaris | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tibialis posterior | 6.1 | 19.6 | – | 17.9 | 4.9 | 13.1 | 5.3 |
| Flexor tibialis | 4.1 | 21.7 | – | 13.6 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 3.5 |
| Flexor fibularis | 15.4 | 22.9 | – | 17.4 | 8.3 | 6.3 | 13.6 |
| Popliteus | 3.2 | 7.8 | 5.6 | – | 3.1 | 1.4 | 3.2 |
|
H. moloch | |||||||
| Tendon length (cm) |
|||||||
| Mass (g) | MTU length (cm) | Origin | Insertion | Mean fascicle length (cm) | Ext. tendon length (cm) | Est. belly mass (g) | |
| THIGH | |||||||
| Gluteus superficialis | 41.1 | 14.7 | – | 3.1 | 10.0 | – | 41.1 |
| Gluteus medius | 24.4 | 10.0 | – | 5.3 | 5.6 | – | 24.4 |
| Gluteus minimus | 5.5 | 4.9 | – | 1.5 | 3.5 | – | 5.5 |
| Pectineus | 2.3 | 5.1 | – | – | 4.3 | – | 2.3 |
| Obturator internus | 6.2 | 5.8 | – | 3.6 | 3.1 | – | 6.2 |
| Obturator externus | 4.8 | 4.9 | – | 2.5 | 2.7 | – | 4.8 |
| Piriformis | 3.9 | 7.0 | – | 3.3 | 4.7 | – | 3.9 |
| Adductor magnus | 53.5 | 18.6 | – | 7.1 | 11.9 | – | 53.5 |
| Adductor longus | 5.0 | 11.4 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 7.7 | – | 5.0 |
| Adductor brevis | 2.3 | 6.2 | – | – | 6.2 | – | 1.2 |
| Quadratus femoris | 3.6 | 4.5 | – | – | 3.6 | – | 3.6 |
| Rectus femoris | 9.9 | 18.8 | 11.6 | 12.9 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 9.6 |
| Vastus medialis | 15.4 | 21.1 | – | 13.6 | 7.5 | – | 15.2 |
| Vastus intermedius | 21.5 | 20.2 | – | 16.3 | 7.3 | – | 21.5 |
| Vastus lateralis | 23.9 | 17.5 | 8.9 | 12.2 | 7.5 | 3.1 | 23.4 |
| Gracilis | 8.4 | 20.0 | – | 4.4 | 17.0 | – | 8.4 |
| Sartorius | 12.1 | 22.5 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 19.4 | – | 12.1 |
| Semimembranosus | 8.2 | 22.3 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 10.1 | 4.7 | 8.2 |
| Semitendinosus | 13.9 | 22.5 | 2.9 | 6.1 | 15.5 | 3.8 | 13.7 |
| Biceps femoris (long head) | 9.5 | 22.4 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 10.4 | 1.6 | 9.1 |
| Biceps femoris (short head) | 4.7 | 7.0 | – | 7.5 | 4.6 | – | 4.7 |
| SHANK | |||||||
| Tibialis anterior | 6.5 | 18.3 | – | 12.8 | 6.3 | 3.2 | 6.2 |
| Extensor digitorum longus | 3.1 | 21.0 | – | 9.5 | 7.3 | 3.8 | 3.1 |
| Extensor hallucis longus | 1.6 | 16.7 | – | 8.6 | 7.3 | 5.8 | 1.6 |
| Peroneus longus | 4.6 | 20.0 | – | 16.9 | 4.5 | 9.7 | 4.2 |
| Peroneus brevis | 1.7 | 14.2 | – | 10.2 | 3.8 | – | 1.7 |
| Soleus | 8.6 | 16.9 | 13.8 | – | 5.9 | 2.4 | 8.1 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 8.1 | 19.6 | 7.6 | 15.9 | 5.8 | 9.3 | 6.7 |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 11.1 | 19.7 | 6.7 | 14.2 | 6.4 | 11.1 | 11.1 |
| Plantaris | 2.4 | 7.5 | – | – | 2.9 | – | 1.2 |
| Tibialis posterior | 5.6 | 19.5 | – | 16.1 | 5.3 | 5.6 | 5.2 |
| Flexor tibialis | 3.3 | 18.5 | – | 14.2 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 |
| Flexor fibularis | 12.2 | 22.0 | – | 16.6 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 11.1 |
| Popliteus | 2.7 | 5.7 | 3.9 | – | 2.3 | – | 2.7 |
|
S. syndactylus | |||||||
| Tendon length (cm) |
|||||||
| Mass (g) | MTU length (cm) | Origin | Insertion | Mean fascicle length (cm) | Ext. tendon length (cm) | Est. belly mass (g) | |
| THIGH | |||||||
| Gluteus superficialis | 78.2 | 18.5 | 6.0 | 7.9 | 11.0 | – | 78.2 |
| Gluteus medius | 52.8 | 13.7 | – | 7.9 | 7.1 | – | 52.8 |
| Gluteus minimus | 8.3 | 6.5 | – | 3.4 | 4.3 | – | 8.3 |
| Pectineus | 6.8 | 7.1 | – | 6.5 | 6.5 | – | 5.1 |
| Obturator internus | 13.7 | 7.7 | – | 4.9 | 4.3 | – | 13.7 |
| Obturator externus | 13.1 | 7.0 | – | 3.8 | 4.0 | – | 13.1 |
| Piriformis | 8.2 | 9.9 | – | 4.7 | 5.5 | – | 8.2 |
| Adductor magnus | 101.9 | 20.6 | 3.1 | 8.5 | 13.8 | 5.1 | 101.6 |
| Adductor longus | 10.1 | 12.1 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 10.0 | – | 10.1 |
| Adductor brevis | 6.2 | 8.3 | – | 2.3 | 7.3 | – | 3.1 |
| Quadratus femoris | 7.5 | 5.3 | – | 1.0 | 4.8 | – | 7.5 |
| Rectus femoris | 22.9 | 21.3 | 13.4 | 14.4 | 9.4 | 1.5 | 22.1 |
| Vastus medialis | 24.0 | 19.1 | – | 12.8 | 8.6 | – | 12.0 |
| Vastus intermedius | 52.6 | 21.4 | – | 10.8 | 8.3 | – | 39.5 |
| Vastus lateralis | 56.4 | 19.2 | 8.0 | 13.6 | 8.5 | – | 28.2 |
| Gracilis | 20.7 | 24.2 | 1.4 | 5.3 | 20.0 | 3.2 | 20.6 |
| Sartorius | 22.4 | 25.2 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 21.7 | 4.6 | 22.3 |
| Semimembranosus | 15.5 | 23.6 | 10.5 | 8.2 | 11.4 | 6.6 | 15.0 |
| Semitendinosus | 29.6 | 26.3 | – | 8.5 | 19.0 | 4.3 | 29.2 |
| Biceps femoris (long head) | 18.2 | 24.7 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 11.4 | 4.8 | 17.9 |
| Biceps femoris (short head) | 8.7 | 12.0 | – | 6.5 | 6.7 | – | 8.7 |
| SHANK | |||||||
| Tibialis anterior | 15.8 | 19.1 | – | 12.0 | 8.0 | 2.7 | 15.1 |
| Extensor digitorum longus | 7.3 | 25.8 | – | 18.7 | 9.3 | 12.3 | 6.3 |
| Extensor hallucis longus | 3.4 | 19.0 | – | 12.1 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 3.1 |
| Peroneus longus | 10.5 | 21.9 | – | 17.8 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 9.6 |
| Peroneus brevis | 3.9 | 11.4 | – | 9.1 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.6 |
| Soleus | 19.3 | 17.3 | 13.4 | – | 6.6 | 3.8 | 18.7 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 25.8 | 20.1 | 7.8 | 14.3 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 23.3 |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 25.7 | 20.5 | 9.5 | 14.5 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 18.7 |
| Plantaris | - | – | – | – | – | 0.0 | |
| Tibialis posterior | 11.2 | 20.0 | – | 12.6 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 10.4 |
| Flexor tibialis | 12.3 | 22.9 | – | 17.5 | 8.2 | 11.2 | 11.5 |
| Flexor fibularis | 25.5 | 26.6 | – | 20.2 | 9.4 | 14.3 | 23.6 |
| Popliteus | 11.1 | 10.9 | 4.0 | 11.4 | 4.3 | – | 11.1 |
–, data were unavailable; MTU, muscle tendon unit.