Table 2.
Diversity parameters assessed with nuclear microsatellite markers in the populations of D. monticola
| Nuclear microsatellites |
Chloroplast microsatellites |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Provenance | Population | Landscape† | Nnuc | Na,nuc | R‡ | He,nuc | Honuc | FIS | Ncp | Na,cp | Ne,cp | Hcp |
| North | 19 | 8·20 | 6·43 | 0·76 | 0·63 | 0·27** | 13 | 2 | 1·16 | 0·14 | |||
| Tsaramolotra | Tsaramolotra | 3 | 10 | 4·60 | – | 0·71 | 0·65 | 0·20 n.s. | 7 | 2 | 1·32 | 0·24 | |
| Ampitsongona | Ampitsongona | 3 | 9 | 5·20 | – | 0·64 | 0·58 | 0·25* | 6 | 1 | 1·00 | 0·00 | |
| Centre-north | 59 | 12·00 | 6·78 | 0·81 | 0·64 | 0·18** | 47 | 7 | 3·65 | 0·73 | |||
| Didy | 33 | 9·60 | 7·71 | 0·79 | 0·64 | 0·17* | 26 | 5 | 2·70 | 0·63 | |||
| Didy | 3 | 13 | 6·60 | – | 0·74 | 0·68 | 0·10 n.s. | 15 | 5 | 2·10 | 0·52 | ||
| Valivona | 2 | 20 | 8·00 | 7·14 | 0·79 | 0·62 | 0·19* | 11 | 1 | 1·00 | 0·00 | ||
| Ambohijanahary | Ambohijanahary | 3 | 9 | 5·00 | – | 0·67 | 0·50 | 0·34* | 10 | 6 | 5·00 | 0·80 | |
| Antsevabe | 17 | 8·60 | 7·53 | 0·75 | 0·68 | 0·05 n.s. | 11 | 3 | 2·44 | 0·59 | |||
| Antsevabe | 3 | 11 | 4·40 | – | 0·71 | 0·70 | –0·07 n.s. | 11 | 2 | 1·86 | 0·46 | ||
| Ambavala | 2 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Centre | 243 | 16·20 | 6·61 | 0·79 | 0·60 | 0·17** | 38 | 12 | 5·78 | 0·83 | |||
| Ankeniheny | Madiorano /Ankeniheny | 3 | 8 | 5·80 | – | 0·71 | 0·68 | 0·07 n.s. | 8 | 4 | 2·28 | 0·56 | |
| Bekorakaka | 205 | 15·20 | 8·62 | 0·79 | 0·68 | 0·18* | 9 | 7 | 4·54 | 0·78 | |||
| Ambodigoavy | 3 | 12 | 7·20 | – | 0·77 | 0·71 | 0·10 n.s. | 9 | 6 | 3·85 | 0·74 | ||
| Sandrajahana | 3 | 61 | 10·80 | 6·74 | 0·77 | 0·59 | 0·15* | – | – | – | – | ||
| Sahambaky | 3 | 58 | 11·60 | 7·06 | 0·76 | 0·58 | 0·18* | – | – | – | – | ||
| Bekorakaka | 3 | 56 | 11·40 | 6·53 | 0·76 | 0·56 | 0·19* | – | – | – | – | ||
| Manasamena | 3 | 18 | 6·60 | 6·43 | 0·70 | 0·66 | 0·06 n.s. | – | – | – | – | ||
| Andasibe | 30 | 8·60 | 7·36 | 0·73 | 0·66 | 0·05 n.s. | 21 | 9 | 6·01 | 0·83 | |||
| Analamazaotra | 1 | 21 | 8·00 | 6·64 | 0·73 | 0·68 | 0·03 n.s. | 14 | 6 | 3·76 | 0·73 | ||
| Mantadia | 1 | 9 | 6·20 | – | 0·66 | 0·62 | 0·07 n.s. | 7 | 5 | 4·45 | 0·78 | ||
| South | 225 | 19·20 | 7·28 | 0·79 | 0·70 | 0·08** | 58 | 5 | 2·64 | 0·62 | |||
| Tolongoina | Tolongoina | 2 | 18 | 9·00 | 7·27 | 0·77 | 0·74 | 0·04 n.s. | 15 | 3 | 2·27 | 0·56 | |
| Ranomafana | 207 | 18·40 | 9·55 | 0·79 | 0·70 | 0·08* | 43 | 4 | 2·46 | 0·59 | |||
| Mahatazana | 2 | 26 | 9·60 | 7·40 | 0·79 | 0·72 | 0·12 n.s. | 26 | 3 | 1·26 | 0·21 | ||
| Talatakely | 1 | 121 | 14·80 | 7·44 | 0·77 | 0·68 | 0·07 n.s. | 17 | 2 | 1·71 | 0·41 | ||
| Vatolampy | 1 | 60 | 12·80 | 7·08 | 0·74 | 0·68 | 0·03 n.s. | – | – | – | – | ||
| Total | 546 | 22·00 | 21·62 | 0·82 | 0·68 | 0·17 | 156 | 18 | 9·87 | 0·90 | |||
N, number of individuals genotyped; Na, number of alleles per locus; Ho, observed heterozygosity; He, expected heterozygosity; R, corrected allelic richness; FIS, fixation index.
P-values: n.s., P > 0·05;*, P < 0·05;**, P < 0·01;***; P < 0·001 (P-values were adjusted using the sequential Bonferroni procedure; Rice, 1989) [the indicative adjusted nominal level (5 %) is 0·0021, 0·00084, 0·00042 for region, provenance and population, respectively].
† Landscape code: 1, forest landscape presenting no fragmentation but some small zones (<0·5 ha) are clear cut within the forest; 2, recently fragmented forest, characterized by large fragments (several hundred hectares) separated by 500–1500 m; 3, forest strongly impacted by slash and burn leading to fragmentation, in which the landscape is characterized by small forest fragments (10–20 ha) separated by >2000 m (fragmentation occurred >20 years ago).
‡ Allelic richness per locus and population is based on minimum sample size of seven diploid individuals for regions, 14 diploid individuals for provenances and 15 diploid individuals for populations.