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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 Sep;7(9):654–665. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2199

Figure 3. Localization of ExoS and ExoU following injection into mammalian cells.

Figure 3

The N-terminal MLD of ExoS (shown in red) initially targets this effector protein to the plasma membrane and subsequently to early and late endosomes and finally to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Membrane localization is necessary for efficient ADP ribosylation of membrane-associated Ras. Following translocation into mammalian cells, ExoU is targeted to the plasma membrane by a C-terminal MLD. At this location, the enzymatic activity of ExoU is thought to cleave phospholipids within the plasma membrane. (Adapted from 65)