a | S. meliloti exoY36,39 and Medicago trunculata MtLIN43 and MtNIN61 are required for infection thread initiation. b | S. meliloti exoH39 and M. trunculata MtNFP18, MtLYK3/HCL19 (P. Smit and T. Bisseling, unpublished data), MtBIT1/ERN44, MtNIN61 and MtCRE1 (REFS 58–60) are required for infection threads to extend to the base of the root hair cell. c | MtCRE1 (REFS 58–60), MtBIT1/ERN44, MtRIT1 (REF. 62) and MtSLI64 are required for infection thread penetration into the underlying cell layers. The required rhizobial genes are boxed in brown and the required plant genes are boxed in light green.