Table 5.
Characteristics of the subjects according to daily number of meals
| 3 meals/day (n = 427) | 2 meals/day (n = 97) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 37.6 ± 5.3 | 36.1 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 170.1 ± 5.8 | 169.1 ± 5.9 | NS |
| Weight (kg) | 68.3 ± 9.8 | 65.2 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
| BMD (g/m2) | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.55 ± 0.06 | NS |
| DPD (nmol/mmol CRE) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | NS |
| BAP (U/L) | 25.6 ± 8.2 | 25.0 ± 7.4 | NS |
| Lifestyle | |||
| Past history of exercise (%) | |||
| No | 19.3 | 22.7 | NS |
| Yes | 80.7 | 77.3 | |
| Current exercise (%) | |||
| No | 51.1 | 67.7 | <0.05 |
| Yes | 48.9 | 32.3 | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||
| No | 42.3 | 22.9 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 57.7 | 77.1 | |
| Daily alcohol intake (%) | |||
| No | 58.9 | 54.3 | NS |
| Yes | 41.1 | 45.7 | |
| Daily milk intake (%) | |||
| No | 78.9 | 88.7 | <0.05 |
| Yes | 21.1 | 11.3 | |
Values are the mean ± SD
BMI body mass index, BMD bone mineral density, DPD deoxypyridinoline, BAP bone alkaline phosphatase
Data were analyzed by Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test