Fig. 2.

Measured axes and angles in the pitch plane. (A) head axis (black) was a line passing through the ear and the lower lip, neck axis (red) was a line passing through the withers (3rd thoracic vertebra) and the ear, and trunk axis (blue) was a line passing through the dock (tail base) and the withers. (B) Head angle (θ) and trunk angle (β) relative to space, and head angle relative to the trunk (α). (C) Neck angle relative to space (δ), head angle relative to the neck (μ) and neck angle relative to the trunk (ε). Horizontal broken lines indicate the earth-horizontal space reference.