Table 3.
Interspecific comparisons of head and trunk maximum pitch (deg.s−1) and head vertical (cms−1) velocities relative to space
| Quadrupedal |
Bipedal |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Velocity | Gait | Segment | Horsea | Langurbe | Bonnetbc | Cynomolguscf | Japanesedg | Vervetcf | Humandl | Humandj | Humanck | Gibbondg | Japanesedg |
| Pitch rotation | Walk | Head | 42(±3) | 241(±27) | 181(±15) | >50 | ~60–100 | 194(±25) | 9(±3) | 30(±8) | – | 58 | ~70 |
| Trunk | 29(±2) | 129(±11) | 83(±7) | – | – | 87(±9) | 17(±4) | – | 68(±21) | – | – | ||
| Trot=Bipedal run | Head | 38(±3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 72(±20) | – | – | – | |
| Trunk | 17(±2) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 147(±22) | – | – | ||
| Canter=Slow gallop | Head | 105(±11) | 216(±17) | 183(±13) | – | – | 202(±29) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Trunk | 67(+5) | 356(+30) | 353(+33) | – | – | 271(±27) | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Vertical translation | Walk | Head | 47(±2) | 55(±7) | 38(±1) | – | – | – | – | 25–35l | – | – | – |
| Trot=Bipedal run | Head | 86(±1) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70–150l | – | – | – | |
| Canter=Slow gallop | Head | 139(±6) | 148(±9) | 85(±8) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
a
Overground arena locomotion.
b
Overground natural terrain locomotion.
c
Treadmill locomotion.
d
Overground laboratory flat surface locomotion.
e
Hanuman, common or gray langur (Semnopithecus entellus); Bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata); Dunbar et al., 2004.
f
Cynomolgus, long-tailed or crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis); Xiang et al., 2008.
g
Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata); Lar, white-handed or common gibbon (Hylobates lar); Hirasaki and Kumakura, 2004.
h
Vervet, grivet, savanna, or African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops); Dunbar, 2004.
l
Data presented as range values.