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. 2009 Sep 15;101(7):1091–1099. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605325

Table 4. Summary of major risk factors that may result in the development of urinary bladder neoplasms in cancer patients.

Risk factor Type of malignancy
Smoking Lung, larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, anus, stomach, pancreas, cervix and kidney cancers
Workplace Leukaemia, stomach and lung cancers (rubber workers)
exposures Cancer in the nasal cavity (textile workers)
  Lung, renal pelvis and liver cancers (printing companies)
Chemotherapy Lymphomas, leukaemia, ovary and breast cancers
Radiation therapy Cervix, rectum, anus, testis and prostate cancers
Arsenic in water Lung and liver cancers