Table 4.
Categorical regression analyses
| Clinical/cognitive measures (dependent variables) | Schizophrenia group | Healthy control group | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANOVA | Independent variables | β | F | P | ANOVA | Independent variables | β | F | P | |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Subject's own SES | F(3,43)=4.31, P=0.010 | Type I | −0.067 | 0.196 | 0.660 | F(3,45)=1.89, P=0.145 | Type I | 0.254 | 2.098 | 0.154 |
| Type II | −0.074 | 0.174 | 0.678 | Type II | −0.431 | 5.666 | 0.022 | |||
| Type III | 0.494 | 8.112 | 0.007** | Type III | 0.157 | 1.067 | 0.307 | |||
| Parental SES | F(3,43)=1.24, P=0.307 | Type I | −0.048 | 0.084 | 0.773 | F(3,46)=0.26, P=0.854 | Type I | −0.041 | 0.051 | 0.822 |
| Type II | 0.092 | 0.228 | 0.636 | Type II | 0.102 | 0.297 | 0.588 | |||
| Type III | 0.302 | 2.524 | 0.119 | Type III | −0.053 | 0.109 | 0.742 | |||
| Cognition | ||||||||||
| Full-scale IQ (WAIS III) | F(3,41)=2.96, P=0.044 | Type I | 0.201 | 1.515 | 0.225 | F(3,41)=4.01, P=0.014 | Type I | 0.525 | 9.631 | 0.003** |
| Type II | 0.128 | 0.472 | 0.496 | Type II | 0.275 | 2.435 | 0.126 | |||
| Type III | −0.279 | 2.351 | 0.133 | Type III | 0.309 | 4.358 | 0.043* | |||
| Verbal comprehension index (WAIS III) | F(3,34)=5.15, P=0.005 | Type I | 0.311 | 3.224 | 0.081 | F(3,31)=2.20 P=0.108 | Type I | 0.174 | 0.809 | 0.375 |
| Type II | 0.230 | 1.514 | 0.227 | Type II | −0.087 | 0.177 | 0.676 | |||
| Type III | −0.360 | 4.169 | 0.049* | Type III | 0.302 | 2.907 | 0.098 | |||
| Perceptual organization index (WAIS III) | F(3,34)=2.97, P=0.046 | Type I | 0.442 | 5.667 | 0.023* | F(3,30)=3.73, P=0.022 | Type I | 0.546 | 9.086 | 0.005** |
| Type II | 0.269 | 1.791 | 0.190 | Type II | 0.483 | 5.923 | 0.021* | |||
| Type III | −0.066 | 0.121 | 0.731 | Type III | 0.229 | 1.697 | 0.203 | |||
| Working memory index (WAIS III) | F(3,34)=2.03, P=0.129 | Type I | −0.049 | 0.065 | 0.801 | F(3,30)=3.01, P=0.046 | Type I | −0.246 | 1.697 | 0.203 |
| Type II | 0.253 | 1.479 | 0.232 | Type II | 0.441 | 4.648 | 0.039* | |||
| Type III | 0.212 | 1.171 | 0.287 | Type III | 0.479 | 7.455 | 0.010* | |||
| Processing speed index (WAIS III) | F(3,34)=1.71, P=0.184 | Type I | 0.296 | 2.316 | 0.137 | F(3,30)=1.55, P=0.222 | Type I | 0.068 | 0.115 | 0.737 |
| Type II | 0.462 | 4.824 | 0.035 | Type II | 0.045 | 0.043 | 0.837 | |||
| Type III | 0.312 | 2.475 | 0.125 | Type III | 0.328 | 3.109 | 0.088 | |||
| Category completed (WCST) | F(3,29)=1.05, P=0.384 | Type I | 0.116 | 0.336 | 0.567 | F(3,37)=2.10, P=0.117 | Type I | −0.026 | 0.019 | 0.890 |
| Type II | −0.303 | 1.479 | 0.234 | Type II | 0.321 | 2.796 | 0.103 | |||
| Type III | −0.262 | 1.032 | 0.318 | Type III | −0.115 | 0.497 | 0.485 | |||
| Total number incorrect (WCST) | F(3,37)=1.28, P=0.295 | Type I | −0.180 | 1.038 | 0.315 | F(3,38)=4.73, P=0.007 | Type I | 0.263 | 2.411 | 0.129 |
| Type II | 0.223 | 1.050 | 0.312 | Type II | −0.626 | 12.848 | 0.001** | |||
| Type III | −0.038 | 0.031 | 0.861 | Type III | 0.044 | 0.087 | 0.770 | |||
| Perseverative responses (WCST) | F(3,37)=2.21, P=0.103 | Type I | −0.417 | 5.930 | 0.020 | F(3,38)=4.26, P=0.011 | Type I | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.963 |
| Type II | −0.236 | 1.250 | 0.271 | Type II | −0.286 | 2.621 | 0.114 | |||
| Type III | −0.346 | 2.727 | 0.107 | Type III | 0.349 | 5.391 | 0.026* | |||
| Clinical symptom (PANSS) | ||||||||||
| Total score | F(3,39)=2.59, P=0.067 | Type I | −0.057 | 0.115 | 0.737 | |||||
| Type II | 0.185 | 0.889 | 0.352 | |||||||
| Type III | 0.448 | 5.536 | 0.024 | |||||||
| Negative factor | F(3,37)=2.39, P=0.085 | Type I | −0.302 | 3.069 | 0.088 | |||||
| Type II | 0.166 | 0.617 | 0.437 | |||||||
| Type III | 0.188 | 0.778 | 0.383 | |||||||
| Positive factor | F(3,41)=6.24, P=0.001 | Type I | −0.297 | 4.279 | 0.045* | |||||
| Type II | −0.423 | 5.733 | 0.021* | |||||||
| Type III | 0.392 | 4.918 | 0.032* | |||||||
| Disorganized factor | F(3,41)=5.19, P=0.004 | Type I | −0.017 | 0.013 | 0.908 | |||||
| Type II | 0.551 | 9.028 | 0.005** | |||||||
| Type III | 0.624 | 11.509 | 0.002** | |||||||
| Excited factor | F(3,42)=1.84, P=0.156 | Type I | 0.167 | 1.021 | 0.318 | |||||
| Type II | −0.038 | 0.038 | 0.847 | |||||||
| Type III | 0.306 | 2.466 | 0.124 | |||||||
| Anxiety–depression factor | F(3,41)=1.24, P=.0308 | Type I | −0.283 | 2.734 | 0.106 | |||||
| Type II | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.988 | |||||||
| Type III | −0.163 | 0.647 | 0.426 | |||||||
| Withdrawal factor | F(3,38)=2.85, P=0.050 | Type I | −0.032 | 0.036 | 0.851 | |||||
| Type II | 0.380 | 3.659 | 0.063 | |||||||
| Type III | 0.528 | 6.963 | 0.012* | |||||||
| Personality (MPQ) | ||||||||||
| Positive emotionality | F(3,23)=0.98, P=0.419 | Type I | 0.254 | 1.019 | 0.323 | F(3,18)=4.22, P=0.020 | Type I | 0.423 | 3.344 | 0.084 |
| Type II | −0.148 | 0.362 | 0.553 | Type II | 0.834 | 11.589 | 0.003** | |||
| Type III | 0.093 | 0.140 | 0.712 | Type III | 0.411 | 4.309 | 0.053 | |||
| Negative emotionality | F(3,23)=2.93, P=0.055 | Type I | −0.024 | 0.011 | 0.917 | F(3,18)=1.28, P=0.312 | Type I | −0.364 | 1.768 | 0.200 |
| Type II | 0.365 | 2.690 | 0.115 | Type II | −0.556 | 3.674 | 0.071 | |||
| Type III | 0.530 | 5.617 | 0.027 | Type III | 0.208 | 0.784 | 0.388 | |||
| Constraint | F(3,23)=5.90, P=0.004 | Type I | 0.021 | 0.011 | 0.916 | F(3,18)=2.64, P=0.081 | Type I | 0.218 | 0.752 | 0.397 |
| Type II | −0.309 | 2.455 | 0.131 | Type II | −0.023 | 0.007 | 0.932 | |||
| Type III | −0.675 | 11.647 | 0.002** | Type III | 0.571 | 7.032 | 0.016 | |||
*
P<0.05,
**
P<0.01.
ANOVA=analysis of variance; SES=socioeconomic status; IQ=intelligence quotient; WAIS-III=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—3rd Edition (Wechsler, 1997);WCST=Wisconsin Card SortingTest; PANSS=Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (Kay et al., 1987); MPQ=Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (Tellegen, 1982)