TABLE 3.
Baseline patient characteristics according to quartiles of A1C variability defined as intrapersonal SD of serial A1C measurements during follow-up
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | P value | P value adjusted for age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients (n) | 529 | 541 | 512 | 525 | — | — |
| Sex (% male) | 52.8 | 55.0 | 51.4 | 53.7 | 0.69 | 0.94 |
| Age (years) | 38.1 ± 11.6 | 37.8 ± 11.7 | 36.5 ± 11.7 | 33.2 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | — |
| Age at onset of diabetes (years) | 15.5 ± 8.5 | 15.0 ± 8.2 | 14.2 ± 8.5 | 13.2 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 22.6 ± 12.3 | 22.9 ± 11.6 | 22.4 ± 11.5 | 20.0 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.2 | 25.0 ± 3.1 | 25.2 ± 3.7 | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 0.44 | 0.47 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, male | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.22 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio, female | 0.82 ± 0.06 | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.07 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
| A1C (%) | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | 8.6 ± 1.3 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133 ± 17 | 133 ± 17 | 134 ± 19 | 132 ± 19 | 0.72 | 0.10 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 ± 9 | 79 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 0.73 | 0.54 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 0.025 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.30 ± 0.37 | 1.31 ± 0.37 | 1.32 ± 0.38 | 1.26 ± 0.36 | 0.043 | 0.19 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.06 ± 0.83 | 3.02 ± 0.81 | 3.06 ± 0.82 | 3.12 ± 0.93 | 0.25 | 0.005 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.97 (0.73–1.33) | 1.02 (0.76–1.43) | 1.01 (0.76–1.45) | 1.13 (0.85–1.68) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulin dose (IU/kg) | 0.69 ± 0.26 | 0.71 ± 0.23 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.78 ± 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
| eGDR (mg · kg−1 · min−1) | 6.6 (4.7–8.9) | 6.5 (4.4–8.6) | 6.3 (4.3–8.4) | 6.0 (3.8–8.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ever smoker (%) | 37.1 | 44.1 | 47.3 | 52.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 17.5 | 21.8 | 24.2 | 33.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Blue-collar worker (%) | 60.7 | 63.5 | 67.9 | 76.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sedentary (%), n = 775* | 19.5 | 19.1 | 24.3 | 28.9 | 0.087 | 0.009 |
| Sedentary (%), n = 534† | 16.0 | 14.4 | 23.7 | 27.7 | 0.026 | 0.004 |
Values are expressed as means ± SD, percent, or median (interquartile range).
*Patients with available data on physical activity.
†Only patients with normal UAER included. Sedentary, leisure-time physical activity <10 MET*h/week.