Table 2.

Association between social and material deprivation and disability for men

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
R 2	0.04	0.06	0.09	0.15	0.16	0.29
Social deprivation	0.14‡	0.12†	0.13†	0.12†	0.12†	0.09*
Material deprivation	0.16‡	0.16‡	0.13†	0.10*	0.11*	0.08*
Demographic variables
Age (years)		0.03	−0.01	0.01	0.01	−0.03
Marital status
Married		−0.08	−0.09	−0.05	−0.04	−0.04
Widowed/divorced/separated		0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.05
Ethnicity (Caucasian)		0.02	0.02	−0.01	−0.01	−0.02
Social support			−0.06	−0.07	−0.05	−0.07
Socioeconomic variables
Education
<High school			0.13†	0.10*	0.11*	0.07
High school			0.03	0.01	0.01	0.01
Household income			−0.05	−0.03	−0.01	−0.03
Lifestyle-related behaviors
Smoking
Current				0.13*	0.12*	0.09*
Former				0.09*	0.09*	0.08
Physically inactive				0.20‡	0.20‡	0.16‡
BMI (kg/m2)				0.05	0.05	0.07
Health care access problems
Has a regular family doctor					0.02	0.07
Difficulties obtaining specialist care					0.05	−0.03
Difficulties obtaining information or advice					0.10*	0.14‡
Diabetes-related variables
Diabetes duration (years)						0.08
Insulin use						0.12†
Number of diabetes-specific complications						0.31‡

Data are standardized regression coefficients (β).

*P < 0.05;

†P < 0.01;

‡P < 0.001. Disability was assessed by the WHO-DAS-II, and the summary score (log-transformed) was entered as dependent variable. High level of social support variables indicates good social support. Marital status, education, smoking, physical inactivity, insulin use, and health care–related problems variables were entered as dichotomous variables (1 = yes; 0 = no).