Table 2.
Pretest Performance by Tutoring Condition and Difficulty Status
| Tutoring condition |
Difficulty status |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | F (df) | WPs (n = 42) | NCs (n = 44) | Control (n = 47) | F (df) | MD (n = 73) | MDRD (n = 60) |
| Number combinations | (2, 123), <1 | 0.10 (0.92) | −0.12 (1.10) | 0.02 (0.98) | (1, 123), <1 | 0.11 (0.99) | −0.13 (1.01) |
| Procedural calculations | (2, 123), <1 | −0.07 (0.94) | −0.06 (1.05) | 0.11 (1.02) | (1, 123), <1 | 0.12 (1.00) | −0.14 (0.99) |
| Word problems | |||||||
| Find X | (2, 128), <1 | −0.09 (1.02) | −0.02 (0.96) | 0.10 (1.03) | (1, 128), <1 | 0.06 (1.04) | −0.07 (0.95) |
| Number Sentences | (2, 128), 1.10 | −0.15 (0.99) | −0.04 (1.02) | 0.17 (0.98) | (1, 128), 6.41* | 0.23 (0.98) | −0.29 (0.95) |
| KeyMath | (2, 127), <1 | −0.06 (1.13) | −0.02 (0.89) | 0.07 (0.99) | (1, 127), 4.91* | 0.20 (1.02) | −0.25 (0.92) |
| Vanderbilt Story Problems | (2, 128), 2.06 | 0.13 (1.11) | −0.21 (0.84) | 0.08 (1.02) | (1, 128), 7.07* | 0.25 (1.06) | −0.30 (0.84) |
Note. F values are for the main effects indicated, after controlling for other factors in the model; for number combinations (NCs) and procedural calculations, there were interactions of tutoring group and/or difficulty status with each other and/or with site. Scores in table are raw means (uncorrected). NCs and procedural calculations are factor scores derived from a combination of similar measures. KeyMath, Vanderbilt Story Problems, and Find X, however, are individual pretest variables, which have been z score standardized for comparative purposes. The Iowa was not administered at pretest because it would have produced a floor effect at that time. WPs = word problems; MD = math difficulty; MDRD = math and reading difficulty.
p < .05.