Table 1. Characteristics of Patients and Control Subjects*.
| Characteristics | Control Subjects (n = 47 |
EOV Patients (n = 47) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 55 ± 13 | 61 ± 14 | 0.03† |
| NYHA class | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.8 | 0.006† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29 ± 5.0 | 29 ± 6.8 | 0.49† |
| LVEF | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.37 ± 0.17 | 0.77† |
| Male gender | 33 (70) | 34 (72) | 0.82‡ |
| HF diagnosis | 47 (100) | 45 (96) | 0.49‡ |
| History of hypertension | 11 (23) | 21 (42) | 0.03‡ |
| Ischemic etiology | 14 (30) | 20 (49) | 0.07‡ |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (13) | 16 (35) | 0.01‡ |
| Pacemaker | 13 (28) | 11 (23) | 0.64‡ |
| Medications | |||
| ACE-I or ARB | 36 (78) | 28 (60) | 0.05‡ |
| Digoxin | 28 (60) | 19 (42) | 0.10‡ |
| β-blockers | 33 (70) | 33 (70) | 1.00‡ |
| Diuretics | 34 (72) | 37 (79) | 0.47‡ |
| Calcium blockers | 3 (6) | 8 (16) | 0.51‡ |
| Nitrates | 11 (22) | 8 (16) | 0.44‡ |
*
Values are given as the mean ± SD or No. (%), unless otherwise indicated. ACE-I = ACE-inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin-II receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index.
†
Determined by t test.
‡
Determined by χ2 test.