Table 3.
Hazard Ratioa of Renal Cell Cancer in Relation to Fish Intake Stratified by Geographic Location, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, 1985–2002
| Fish, g/day | Rural Coast | Urban Coast | Rural Inland | Urban Inland | ||||||||
| Hazard (Risk) Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | No. of Cases | Hazard (Risk) Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | No. of Cases | Hazard (Risk) Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | No. of Cases | Hazard (Risk) Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | No. of Cases | |
| Baltic herring | ||||||||||||
| ≤2.1 | Reference group | 6 | Reference group | 12 | Reference group | 30 | Reference group | 8 | ||||
| >2.1–6.5 | 1.1 | 0.3, 3.9 | 6 | 1.7 | 0.8, 3.8 | 17 | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.1 | 23 | 2.1 | 0.6, 7.1 | 5 |
| >6.5–12.2 | 1.2 | 0.3, 4.1 | 6 | 2.5* | 1.2, 5.2 | 27 | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.2 | 21 | 2.9 | 0.9, 9.2 | 7 |
| >12.2 | 1.9 | 0.6, 6.1 | 10 | 2.1* | 1.0, 4.6 | 21 | 1.7 | 1.0, 3.0 | 25 | 3.0 | 0.8, 10.6 | 5 |
| Rainbow troutb | ||||||||||||
| 0 | Reference group | 19 | Reference group | 52 | Reference group | 78 | Reference group | 14 | ||||
| >0–5.8 | 1.7 | 0.5, 5.7 | <5 | 1.9* | 1.0, 3.5 | 13 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.0 | 9 | 1.1 | 0.1, 8.6 | <5 |
| >5.8–10.5 | 1.4 | 0.5, 4.2 | <5 | 1.4 | 0.7, 2.6 | 12 | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.8 | 8 | 4.8* | 1.8, 13.0 | 7 |
| >10.5 | 1.0 | 0.2, 4.5 | <5 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.0 | 8 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.6 | 10 | 2.3 | 0.7, 7.4 | <5 |
| Salted/canned fish | ||||||||||||
| ≤1.4 | Reference group | 12 | Reference group | 15 | Reference group | 23 | Reference group | 9 | ||||
| >1.4–3.7 | 0.5 | 0.2, 1.4 | 7 | 1.4 | 0.7, 2.7 | 23 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.8 | 23 | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.4 | <5 |
| >3.7–7.9 | 0.4 | 0.1, 1.2 | 6 | 1.5 | 0.8, 2.8 | 26 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.4 | 28 | 0.5 | 0.2, 1.5 | 5 |
| >7.9 | 0.3 | 0.1, 1.0 | <5 | 0.7 | 0.3, 1.5 | 13 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.3 | 25 | 0.8 | 0.3, 2.3 | 7 |
| Total fish | ||||||||||||
| ≤21.0 | Reference group | 6 | Reference group | 9 | Reference group | 29 | Reference group | 7 | ||||
| >21.0–33.4 | 1.7 | 0.6, 4.8 | 10 | 3.3* | 1.6, 7.0 | 32 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.5 | 22 | 0.9 | 0.5, 1.5 | <5 |
| >33.4–50.7 | 1.0 | 0.3, 3.2 | 6 | 2.2* | 1.0, 4.9 | 19 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 | 20 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.4 | 7 |
| >50.7 | 1.0 | 0.3, 3.2 | 6 | 2.1 | 0.9, 4.7 | 17 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.2 | 28 | 1.3 | 0.7, 2.2 | 8 |
*
P < 0.05.
a
All hazard ratios were adjusted for age, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, systolic blood pressure, alcohol intake, leisure time physical activity, urban residence, educational level, and intake of quercetin. All dietary intake variables were energy adjusted.
b
Greater than 25% of the cohort reported no intake. The risk was estimated according to tertiles of intake (adjusted for kcal) among individuals consuming >0 g during the study period.