Table 1.
Conditions that Increase Adenosine in the CNS
| Manipulation | Reference |
|---|---|
| Hypoxia | Fowler 1989 [55] Dale & Frenguelli 2000 [34] Saransaari & Oja 2003 [172] Martín, Fernández, Perea, Pascual, Haydon, Araque & Ceña 2007 [123] |
| Ischemia | Fowler 1990 [56] Latini, Corsi, Pedata & Pepeu 1995 [108] Frenguelli, Llaudet & Dale 2003 [63] Parkinson, Xiong & Zamzow 2005 [155] Frenguelli, Wigmore, Llaudet & Dale 2007 [64] |
| NMDA receptor activation | Manzoni, Manabe & Nicoll 1994 [119] Semba & White 1997 [176] Melani, Corsi, Giménez-Llort, Martínez, Ogren, Pedata & Ferré 1999 [130] Brambilla, Chapman & Greene 2005 [21] |
| H2O2 | Masino, Mesches, Bickford & Dunwiddie 1999 [129] Saransaari & Oja 2003 [172] |
| Hypoglycemia or impaired glycolysis | Fowler 1993 [57] Zhu & Krnjević 1993 [201] Calabresi, Centonze, Pisani & Bernardi 1997 [22] Zhao, Tekkök & Krnjević [200] Minor, Rowe, Soames Job, Ferguson [131] |
| Increased temperature | Gabriel, Klussman & Igelmund 1998 [67] Masino & Dunwiddie 1999 [124] |
| Hypercapnia/acidification | Dulla, Dobelis, Pearson, Frenguelli, Staley & Masino 2005 [42] Gourine, Llaudet, Dale & Spyer 2005 [77] Otsuguro, Yamaji, Ban, Ohta & Ito 2006 [146] |
| Depolarization | Pedata, Pazzagli, Tilli & Pepeu 1990 [157] Latini, Corsi, Pedata & Pepeu 1995 [108] |
| Metabolic poisons | Doolette1997 [40] Zhu & Krnjević 1997 [202] Saransaari & Oja 2003 [172] |
| Astrocyte activation | Zhang, Wang, Ye, Ge, Chen, Jiang, Wu, Poo & Duan 2003 [199] Parkinson & Xiong 2004 [154] Pascual, Casper, Kubera, Zhang, Revilla-Sanchez, Sul, Takano, Moss, McCarthy & Haydon 2005 [156] |
| Seizures | Whitcomb, Lupica, Rosen & Berman 1990 [193] During & Spencer 1993 [46] Berman, Fredholm, Aden & O’Connor 2000 [11] Kaku, Jiang, Hada, Morimoto & Hayashi 2001 [93] Etherington, Patterson, Meechan, Boison, Irving, Dale & Frenguelli 2008 [52] |
| Intense exercise | Dworak, Diel, Voss, Hollman & Strüder 2007 [47] |
| Sleep deprivation | Porkka-Heiskanen, Strecker, Thakkar, Bjorkum, Greene & McCarley 1997 [162] Porkka-Heiskanen, Strecker & McCarley 2000 [161] Kalinchuk, McCarley, Stenberg, Porkka-Heiskanen & Basheer 2008 [94] Murillo-Rodriguez, Liu, Blanco-Centurion & Shiromani, 2008 [133] |
An overview of both physiological and pathological conditions of altered metabolism and cellular activity that can increase extracellular adenosine. Due to the rapid dephosphorylation of extracellular ATP to adenosine, increased extracellular ATP yields a net increase in adenosine. This table is not meant to be exhaustive of the literature, but to highlight the ubiquitous and rapid nature of the adenosine response and thus its broad and dynamic influence in the nervous system.