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. 2009 Aug 5;112(1):4–16. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp179

FIG. 4.

FIG. 4.

Exposure to toxic levels of ozone results in alveolar epithelial damage. Macrophages responding to tissue injury release TNF-α which downregulates caveolin-1. This leads to release of signaling molecules such as PI3K, activation of NF-κB and upregulation of iNOS. RNS generated as a consequence contribute to ozone-induced lung injury.