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. 2009 Aug 31;10(9):3776–3792. doi: 10.3390/ijms10093776

Table 1.

Reversal of drug-resistance by nanoparticular systems.

Nanoparticular formulation Drug-resistance target Feature Ref.
Pluronic® micelle with ultrasound treatment Enhancing drug uptake by ultrasound treatment Possible to treat wild and drug-resistant tumors [63,64]
Paclitaxel loaded mixed micelle system of Pluronic® P105 and L101 Inhibition of P-gp by Pluronic® Combined mechanisms of FR-mediated endocytosis for tumor targeting [65]
Liposomal formulation with doxorubicin/paclitaxel/valspodar Inhibition of P-gp by valspodar - [44]
Liposomal topotecan with amlodipine Inhibition of P-gp by amlodipine - [52]
Liposomal doxorubicin/verapamil Inhibition of P-gp by verapamil Verapamil affected pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in vivo [56]
Liposomal doxorubicin/Pluronic® F68 Inhibition of P-gp by Pluronic® - [54]
Liposomal doxorubicin/antisense oligonucleotides Targeted to bcl-2 mRNA and MDR1 mRNA Overcoming bcl-2 and P-gp [58]
Polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles with doxorubicin and cyclosporin A Enhancing drug uptake by unknown mechanisms of polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles Cyclosporin A can affect pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin [59,60]
Daunorubicin loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles Enhancing drug uptake by Fe3O4 nanoparticles Interaction between Fe3O4 and unknown biological active molecules on the membrane of leukemia cells, increased drug uptake [74]
Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PEO-PCL) nanoparticle with ceramide and paclitaxel Targeting to P-gp Co-therapy (ceramide and paclitaxel) enhanced cytotoxicity for drug-resistant tumors [62]
Transferrin receptor-targeting liposomal doxorubicin Evading P-gp function by transferring receptor-mediated internalization pathway - [67]
Folate-conjugated liposomal doxorubicin Evading P-gp function by FR-mediated internalization pathway No significant tumor-growth inhibition effect in in vivo animal model [68]
pH-sensitive poly(l-histidine)-based micelle system with folic acid Enhancing cytoplasmic drug release due to proton-sponge effect of poly(l-histidine) In vivo animal studies showed significant tumor regression effect in drug-resistant tumors [69–73, 75]