Appendix A.
Studies included in meta-analysis of rates and psychosocial risk factors for nonadherence to the medical regimen after pediatric organ transplantation.a
| Study first author, year (and first author, year of related publications) | Country | Age rangeb | Areas of nonadherence examined | Examined psychosocial variables that were included in the meta-analysis | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immuno. meds. | Clinic appts. | Tests | Diet | Exercise | Alcohol use | Illicit drug usec | Tobacco use | Global nonadher. | ||||
| Kidney transplant studies | ||||||||||||
| Rovelli, 1989 (Schweizer, 1990; Swanson, 1991) | USA | < 20 | X | |||||||||
| Ettinger, 1991, pre-adolescent cohort (Ettinger, 1991a, 1991b) | USA | < 13 | X | X | ||||||||
| Ettinger, 1991, adolescent cohort (Ettinger, 1991a, 1991b) | USA | 13 – 21 | X | X | ||||||||
| McBride, 1991 | USA | Not provided | X | |||||||||
| Foulkes, 1993 (Fennell, 1993; Foulkes, 1995) | USA | 6 – 21 | X | X | ||||||||
| Morgenstern, 1994 | USA | 2.5 – 19 | X | |||||||||
| Sharma, 1994 | USA | 0.75 – 14 | X | |||||||||
| Meyers, 1995 | South Africa | 6.5 – 15 | X | X | X | |||||||
| Blowey, 1996 (Blowey, 1997) | Canada | 12.5 – 17.9 | X | X | ||||||||
| Conley, 1996 | USA | ≤ 18 | X | X | ||||||||
| Davis, 1996 | USA | 5 – 18 | X | |||||||||
| Iitaka, 1996 | Japan | 5 – 15 | X | |||||||||
| Meyers, 1996 | South Africa | 2.5 – 20.8 | X | |||||||||
| Fennell, 2001 (Tucker, 2001, Tucker, 2002) | USA | 6 – 20 | X | |||||||||
| Fernandez de Preliasco, 2002 | Argentina | 9 – 22 | X | |||||||||
| Fukunishi, 2002 | Japan | 0 – 19 | X | |||||||||
| Rizvi, 2002 | Pakistan | 6 – 17 | X | |||||||||
| Penkower, 2003 | USA | 13 – 18 | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Shaw et al., 2003, pre-adolescent cohort (Sarwal, 2003) | USA | < 11 | X | X | ||||||||
| Shaw et al., 2003, adolescent cohort | USA | ≥ 11 | X | X | ||||||||
| Gerson, 2004 | USA | 2.4 – 20.9 | X | |||||||||
| Feinstein, 2005 | Israel | 1.7 – 23.0 | X | X | ||||||||
| Berber, 2006 | Turkey | 11 – 17 | X | |||||||||
| Remorino, 2006 | UK | 17 – 20 | X | X | ||||||||
| Abeyeskera, 2007 | Sri Lanka | 8 – 16 | X | X | ||||||||
| Chisholm, 2007 | USA | < 5 | X | |||||||||
| Shellmer, 2007 | USA | 8 – 19 | X | |||||||||
| Takemoto, 2007 | USA | 0 – 18 | X | |||||||||
| Wu, 2008 | China | 12 – 17 | X | X | ||||||||
| Vasudevan, 2008 | India | < 18 | X | |||||||||
| Liver Transplant Studies | ||||||||||||
| Kennard, 1990 | USA | 0.25 – 12.5 | X | |||||||||
| Lurie, 2000 (Shemesh, 2000) | USA | 13 – 18 | X | |||||||||
| Fukunishi, 2002 | Japan | 0 – 19 | X | |||||||||
| Kelly, 2002, pre-adolescent cohort (Kelly, 2005, 2006) | UK | ≤ 10 | X | X | ||||||||
| Kelly, 2002, adolescent cohort (Kelly, 2005, 2006) | UK | > 10 | X | X | ||||||||
| Avitzur, 2004 | Canada | 0.5 – 17.3 | X | |||||||||
| Falkenstein, 2004 | USA | Not provided | X | |||||||||
| Rumbo, 2004 | USA | 3 – 20 | X | |||||||||
| Shemesh, 2004 (Shemesh, 2007, Emre, 2006) | USA | 2 – 21 | X | X | ||||||||
| Berquist, 2006 | USA | 12 – 21 | X | X | ||||||||
| Annunziato, 2007 | USA | ≥ 12 | X | |||||||||
| Bueno, 2007 | Spain | 0.42 – 15 | X | |||||||||
| Fredericks, 2007 | USA | 2.33 – 16 | X | X | X | |||||||
| Berquist, 2008 | USA | 12 – 21 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Fredericks, 2008 | USA | 12 – 17.9 | X | X | X | |||||||
| Shemesh, 2008 | USA | 8 – 21 | X | |||||||||
| Stuber, 2008 | USA | < 21 | X | |||||||||
| Venkat, 2008 | USA | Not provided | X | |||||||||
| Heart Transplant Studies | ||||||||||||
| Baum, 1991 | USA | 0.25 – 18.9 | X | X | ||||||||
| Douglas, 1993 (Addonizio, 1993) | USA | ≤ 18 | X | X | X | |||||||
| Serrano-Ikkes, 1998 | UK | Not provided | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Flippen, 2000 | USA | 0 – 18 | X | |||||||||
| Chartrand, 2001 | Canada | 0.83 – 19 | X | |||||||||
| Ringewald, 2001 | USA | Not provided | X | X | ||||||||
| Farley, 2005 (Farley, 2007) | USA | 1 – 18 | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Stilley, 2005 (Stilley, 2006) | USA | < 21 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
| Lung/Heart-Lung Transplant Studies | ||||||||||||
| Whitehead, 1993 (Serrano-Ikkes, 1998) | UK | 3.6 – 18.6 | X | X | X | |||||||
| Durst, 2001 | USA | 11 – 17 | X | X | ||||||||
| Mixed Samples of Transplant Recipients | ||||||||||||
| Maikranz, 2006 (Dreyer, 2006; Maikranz, 2007) | USA | 7 – 18 | ||||||||||
| Wray, 2006 | UK | 12.3 – 24.9 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Simons, 2007 (Simons, 2008) | USA | 11 – 21 | X | X | ||||||||
Each row in this table describes an independent study of a given transplant recipient cohort. A few investigations included more than one cohort (e.g., Fukunishi, 2002 studied a kidney recipient cohort and a liver recipient cohort). Each study is listed under each type of transplantation for which it contributed a separate, independent sample.
The age range describes transplant recipients at the inception of the follow-up period examined in a given investigation. For some studies, this was the age at transplant (e.g., when studies examined adherence during the entire period since transplant); for other studies, it was the age at which the study began to monitor patients’ adherence (e.g., when studies examined adherence during a specific time period at some point during the years post-transplant). In a few studies no age range was provided, although the authors typically provided other descriptive information (e.g., mean or median age), indicating that they were studying pediatric recipients.
Includes studies that do not explicitly note if alcohol use was included or excluded from the substances examined.