Table 2.
Unstandardized Coefficients (SE) From Regression of Loneliness on Covariates in Linear Regression Models (N = 225)
| Model 1: Demographics | Model 2: Socioeconomic Status | Model 3: Health and Functioning | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | 1A | 1B | 2A | 2B | 3A | 3B |
| Age | −0.10 (0.15) | |||||
| Female | −2.49 (1.29) | |||||
| Race/ethnicity: White | ||||||
| Black | 2.79 (1.53)† | 2.72 (1.53)† | 1.24 (1.58) | |||
| Hispanic | 4.15 (1.65)* | 4.41 (1.61)* | 2.69 (1.67) | |||
| Diploma | −3.71 (1.61)* | −4.36 (1.56)* | −4.57 (1.49)* | −5.03 (1.48)* | ||
| Household income | −1.55 (0.73)* | −1.73 (0.71)* | −1.00 (0.70) | |||
| Chronic conditions | 0.02 (0.82) | |||||
| Number of symptoms | 0.25 (0.07)* | 0.30 (0.06)* | ||||
| Activity of daily living restrictions | 2.07 (1.46) | |||||
| Spouse/partner | ||||||
| Work role: Working | ||||||
| Retired | ||||||
| Not working | ||||||
| Regular church attender | ||||||
| Group member | ||||||
| Life event count | ||||||
| Chronic stressors | ||||||
| General | ||||||
| Money and financial | ||||||
| Employment | ||||||
| Love and marriage | ||||||
| Family and children | ||||||
| Social life and recreation | ||||||
| Health | ||||||
| Residence | ||||||
| Network size | ||||||
| Frequency of contact | ||||||
| Marital relationship: Not married | ||||||
| Spousal non-confidant | ||||||
| Spousal confidant | ||||||
| Network satisfaction | ||||||
| R2 | .05 | .03 | .08 | .07 | .16 | .14 |
| Model 4: Social Roles | Model 5: Stress Exposure | Model 6: Social Contacts | ||||
| Covariate | 4A | 4B | 5A | 5B | 6A | 6B |
| Age | ||||||
| Female | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity: White | ||||||
| Black | ||||||
| Hispanic | ||||||
| Diploma | −4.23 (1.50)* | −4.38 (1.49)* | −3.98 (1.40)* | −3.80 (1.40)* | −2.89 (1.36)* | −3.19 (1.35)* |
| Household income | ||||||
| Chronic conditions | ||||||
| Number of symptoms | 0.28 (0.06)* | 0.30 (0.06)* | 0.22 (0.06)* | 0.26 (0.06)* | 0.28 (0.05)* | 0.29 (0.05)* |
| Activity of daily living restrictions | ||||||
| Spouse/partner | −1.51 (1.28) | |||||
| Work role: Working | ||||||
| Retired | 0.51 (1.45) | |||||
| Not working | 1.78 (1.76) | |||||
| Regular church attender | −0.30 (1.27) | |||||
| Group member | −2.89 (1.28)* | −2.93 (1.23)* | −2.94 (1.19)* | −2.81 (1.15)* | −1.65 (1.14) | |
| Life event count | 1.24 (0.76) | |||||
| Chronic stressors | ||||||
| General | −1.71 (1.54) | |||||
| Money and financial | 1.71 (1.39) | |||||
| Employment | 2.25 (1.54) | |||||
| Love and marriage | 3.82 (1.27)* | 4.71 (1.21)* | 4.13 (1.18)* | 4.19 (1.18)* | ||
| Family and children | −0.03 (1.22) | |||||
| Social life and recreation | 3.36 (1.26)* | 3.92 (1.22)* | 3.93 (1.18)* | 3.88 (1.18)* | ||
| Health | 0.28 (1.21) | |||||
| Residence | 0.84 (0.56) | |||||
| Network size | −1.10 (0.25)* | −1.15 (0.24)* | ||||
| Frequency of contact | −0.40 (0.70) | |||||
| Marital relationship: Not married | ||||||
| Spousal non-confidant | ||||||
| Spousal confidant | ||||||
| Network satisfaction | ||||||
| R2 | .18 | .16 | .31 | .27 | .33 | .32 |
| Model 7: Relationship Quality | Model 8 | |||||
| Covariate | 7A | |||||
| Age | −0.23 (0.14) | |||||
| Female | −3.11 (1.35)* | |||||
| Race/ethnicity: White | ||||||
| Black | 0.86 (1.45) | |||||
| Hispanic | −0.84 (1.56) | |||||
| Diploma | −2.58 (1.32)* | −2.07 (1.37) | ||||
| Household income | −0.06 (0.74) | |||||
| Chronic conditions | 0.47 (0.81) | |||||
| Number of symptoms | 0.25 (0.05)* | 0.21 (0.06)* | ||||
| Activity of daily living restrictions | 1.43 (1.36) | |||||
| Spouse/partner | 1.62 (1.79) | |||||
| Work role: Working | ||||||
| Retired | 2.75 (1.57) | |||||
| Not working | 1.58 (1.64) | |||||
| Regular church attender | 1.24 (1.19) | |||||
| Group member | −1.78 (1.21) | |||||
| Life event count | 0.72 (0.75) | |||||
| Chronic stressors | ||||||
| General | −1.11 (1.58) | |||||
| Money and financial | 1.92 (1.37) | |||||
| Employment | 3.28 (1.59)* | |||||
| Love and marriage | 3.58 (1.16)* | 1.78 (1.25) | ||||
| Family and children | −0.10 (1.19) | |||||
| Social life and recreation | 3.39 (1.16)* | 3.19 (1.22)* | ||||
| Health | 0.72 (0.53) | |||||
| Residence | −0.59 (1.15) | |||||
| Network size | −1.13 (0.24)* | −0.99 (0.26)* | ||||
| Frequency of contact | −0.28 (0.72) | |||||
| Marital relationship: Not married | ||||||
| Spousal non-confidant | 0.80 (1.70) | |||||
| Spousal confidant | −2.50 (1.17)* | −4.79 (1.73)* | ||||
| Network satisfaction | −2.98 (1.11)* | −2.92 (1.15)* | ||||
| R2 | .37 | .45 | ||||
Notes: “A” models introduce blocks of conceptually related variables. “B” models drop individual nonsignificant predictors within blocks. See text for a description of directional hypotheses.
*
p < .05
†
p < .1.