Table 1.
Biomarkers of Inflammation in Cancer Patients with Behavioral Co-Morbidities
| Investigator | Cancer Type | Patient Sample | Immune Parameter | Behavioral Co-Morbidity | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greenberg et al. 199363 | Prostate | 15 male patients receiving local radiation | IL-1 (serum) | Fatigue | IL-1 levels were increased in parallel with fatigue. |
| Morant et al. 199374 | Mixed | 31 male and female patients with advanced cancer and 30 healthy controls | CRP, TNF, IL-1, IL-2R (serum) | Asthenia | No statistically significant correlation was found between asthenia and immune parameters. |
| Knobel et al. 200071 | Lymphoma | 33 male and female patients 4–10 years post BMT | IL-6, TNF-alpha, sTNFR p55 and p75 (serum) | Fatigue | No statistically significant correlation was found between fatigue and immune parameters. |
| Musselman et al. 200153 | Mixed | 21 male and female patients with pancreatic, breast and esophageal cancer | IL-6 (plasma) | Major Depression | IL-6 was significantly elevated in cancer patients with depression compared to non-depressed patients. |
| Geinitz et. al. 200166 | Breast | 41 female patients with breast-conserving surgery and RT | IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha (serum) | Fatigue | No correlation was found between fatigue and immune parameters. |
| Bower et al. 200269 | Breast | 40 female breast cancer survivors | IL-1 beta, IL-1ra, sTNFR p75, neopterin (serum) | Fatigue | IL-1ra, TNFR-p75, and neopterin were significantly higher in fatigued patients. IL-1 beta was not detectable in the majority of patients. |
| Bower et al. 2003150 | Breast | 39 female breast cancer survivors | Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypic markers, IL-1ra (serum) | Fatigue | CD3+, CD4+ and CD56+ numbers were significantly higher in fatigued patients, and CD3+ numbers correlated with IL-1ra. |
| Wratten et al. 200464 | Breast | 52 female patients receiving local radiation | IL-6, TNF-alpha, sICAM-1, TGF-beta, PDGF, FGF, CRP (serum) | Fatigue | Fatigue correlated with IL-6, sICAM-1, and CRP at baseline, and with IL-6 at week 5 of RT. No correlation was found between fatigue and immune parameters after controlling for BMI. |
| Dimeo et al. 200472 | Lymphoma, AML, CML ALL, CLL | 71 male and female patients without chemotherapy, radiation of immunotherapy with 3 months | IL-1-alpha, IL-1ra, IL-6, neopterin (serum) | Fatigue | No correlation was found between fatigue and immune parameters. |
| Ahlberg et al., 200467 | Uterine | 15 female patients receiving local radiation | IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha (blood, not otherwise specified) | Fatigue | No changes in cytokines were found during RT. No correlations were found between change in fatigue and change in IL-1 and TNF. Change in fatigue negatively correlated with change in IL-6. IL-1 and TNF were not detectable in the majority of patients. |
| Gelinas et al., 2004151 | Breast | 103 female breast cancer survivors | IL-1beta (serum) | Fatigue | No correlation was found between fatigue and IL-1beta. IL-1 concentrations were extremely high (mean = 1,152 pg/ml) |
| Pusztai et al., 200427 | Breast | 90 female patients receiving chemotherapy | IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (plasma) | Fatigue, Depressive symptoms | Baseline cytokine levels were not detectable in the majority of patients. Increases in IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were observed in patients receiving paclitaxel chemotherapy. No correlation was found between changes in cytokines and changes in fatigue or depression. |
| Brown et al., 200575 | Lung cancer | 38 patients with advanced cancer | CRP (blood, not otherwise specified) | Fatigue | Fatigue was positively correlated with CRP. |
| Costanzo et al., 200562 | Ovarian | 61 female patients with advanced cancer before surgery | IL-6 (plasma and ascites) | Fatigue, Depressive symptoms | Fatigue was positively correlated with plasma IL-6. No correlation was found between depression and IL-6. |
| Shafqat et al., 200568 | Mixed | 174 male and female patients treated within the last 6 months | TNF-alpha (blood, not otherwise specified) | Fatigue | No correlation was found between fatigue and TNF. |
| Rich et al. 200579 | Colorectal | 80 male and female patients with metastatic disease | TNF-alpha, IL-6, TGF-alpha (serum) | WHO performance, Fatigue | IL-6 and TGF-alpha were increased in patients with WHO performance status >1. TGF-alpha correlated with fatigue. Dampened cortisol rhythm was associated with increased TNF-alpha, IL-6 and TGF-alpha. |
| Meyers et al. 200561 | Leukemia | 54 male and female patients with ALS/MDS | TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL1ra, IL-6, IL-8 (serum) | Neuropsychological Performance, fatigue | Higher IL-6 was associated with poorer executive function. Higher IL-8 was associated with better memory performance. IL-6, IL-1ra, and TNF-alpha were correlated with fatigue. |
| Mills et al. 200565 | Breast | 29 women with Stage I-IIIA disease before and during anthracycline-based chemotherapy | IL-6, sICAM, VEGF (plasma) | Fatigue, Quality of Life | sICAM and VEGF were related to increased fatigue and poorer quality of life. |
| Collado-Hidalgo et al. 200670 | Breast | 50 female breast cancer survivors | Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypic markers; IL-6, sIL-6R, IL-1ra, TNFR-p75 (plasma); LPS-stimulated intracellular expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha | Fatigue | Plasma IL-1ra and sIL-6R and LPS-stimulated IL-6 and TNF-alpha were elevated in patients with fatigue along with decreased monocyte cell-surface IL-6R and decreased activated T lymphocytes and myeloid dendritic cells. |
| Jehn et al. 200654 | Metastatic Cancer | 114 male and female patients with metastatic (Stage 4) disease | IL-6 (plasma) | Major Depression | Plasma IL-6 was significantly elevated in depressed patients. |
| Bower et al.78 | Breast | 25 female breast cancer survivors | Peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotypic markers; LPS-stimulated production of IL-1-beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha after stress | Fatigue | LPS-stimulated IL-1-beta and IL-6 were increased in fatigued patients versus non-fatigued patients following stress. |
ALL-acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML-acute myelogenous leukemia; BMT-bone marrow transplant; CML-chronic myelogenous leukemia; CLL-chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CRP-C-reactive protein; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IL-interleukin; IL-1ra-interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IL-2R-interleukin 2 receptor; LPS-lipopolysaccharide; MDS-myelodysplastic syndrome; PDGF-platelet-derived growth factor; RT-radiation therapy; sICAM-soluble intracellular adhesion molecule; sIL-6R-soluble interleukin 6 receptor; TGF-transforming growth factor; TNF-tumor necrosis factor; TNFR-TNF receptor; VEGF-vascular endothelial growth factor