Table 1.

Major pharmacological effects of ginseng leaf-stem extracts

Pharmacological effects	Dose	Subjects	References
Central nervous system
CNS-depression effects	--	Mice	[30-32]
Anti-electroconvulsive shock	50 mg/kg × 7 days	Rats	[33]
Improving memory	11.25 g/kg Jiannaoning	Rats	[36]
Cardiovascular system
Protecting cardiac cell	20 mg/kg iv; 54,27,13.5 mg/kg	Dogs; rats	[39,40]
Preventing coronary vascular dysfunction	120 mg/kg	Rats	[41]
Antagonizing (NE, KCl, CaCl2) effects	0.03-3 mg/min	Rabbits; guinea pigs	[42,43]
Anti-CHD effects	--	Patients	[44]
Effects on ANP gene expression	50 mg/kg × 7 d	Rats	[45,46]
Effects on Growth and metabolism
Increasing body weight	--	Young mice and rats	[32]
Effects on lipid metabolism	--	Hyperlipidemic mice	[47]
Regulating lipid metabolism	60 mg/kg	Rabbits	[48]
Anti-hyperglycemic effects
Anti-diabetic effects	--	Diabetic patients	[49]
Anti-hyperglycemic effects	--	Mice, rats	[58]
Lowering blood glucose	150 mg/kg × 12 d	ob/ob mice	[21]
Increasing blood insulin	--	Mice; rats	[60]
Hypoglycemic activities	200 mg/kg × 12 d	ob/ob mice	[61]
Anti-obesity activities
Decreasing body weight	150 mg/kg × 12 d	ob/ob mice	[21,61]
Anti-cancer effects
Anti-prostate, bladder and renal cancer	--	Patients	[63]
Killing cancer cells via at least 5 pathways	--	Normal and cancer cells	[64]
Reducing apoptotic cell number	60-140 mg/kg	Mouse cells	[65]
Anti-oxidant activity
Suppressing antioxidant enzyme activity	40-200 mg/kg	Diabetic rats	[69]
Antioxidant property in cardiac cells	0.25-1 mg/ml	Rat cultured cardiac cells	[8]
Restoring free radical-damaged cells	30 μg/ml (Rb1,2,3)	Cultured myocardiomyocytes	[72]
Other pharmacological effects
Anti-fatigue	100/200 mg/kg	Rats	[73]
Anti-ulcer	100 mg/kg	Mice	[6]
Anti-diuretic	--	Rats	[31]
Anti-aging	--	Patients	[74]
Anti-foot-and-mouth disease	10 μg* +oil emulsion	Mice	[76]