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. 2008;31(3):185–195.

Table.

Summary of Neurobiological Mechanisms of Alcohol During the Phases of the Addiction Cycle Dominated by Positive Reinforcement Versus Negative Reinforcement

“Light Side” of Addiction: Positive Reinforcement
Baseline alcohol self-administration “Binge”-like alcohol self-administration Progressive ratio/second-order reinforcement schedules Alcohol priming–induced reinstatement Alcohol-conditioned cue-induced reinstatement
Dopamine antagonist graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg
Opioid antagonist graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg
“Dark Side” of Addiction: Negative Reinforcement
Baseline alcohol self-administration or place preference Withdrawal-induced anxiety-like or aversive responses Dependence-induced increases in self-administration Stress-induced reinstatement
Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist — graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg
Neuropeptide Y — graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg graphic file with name arh-31-3-185i1.jpg

NOTE: —, No Effect; Blank Entries Indicate Not Tested.