Table 2.
The percentage of time spent in different stages of the sleep–waking cycle during consecutive 1 h periods corresponding to predrug aCSF perfusion (baseline) and chemical treatments of the MnPN
| State |
l-Glutamate (1 mm) (n = 21) |
Bicuculline (50 µm) (n = 18) |
Muscimol (50 µm) (n = 15) |
Muscimol (20 µm) (n = 5) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Treatment | Baseline | Treatment | Baseline | Treatment | Baseline | Treatment | |
| Active waking | 55.5 ± 1.6 | 47.1 ± 2.0* | 50.1 ± 3.1 | 40.4 ± 2.6** | 17.2 ± 1.3 | 91.2 ± 3.7*** | 19.0 ± 1.4 | 25.2 ± 2.9* |
| Quiet waking | 14.0 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 0.8** | 14.9 ± 1.0 | 17.9 ± 1.0* | 11.2 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 1.9*** | 13.4 ± 1.9 | 16.8 ± 1.9 |
| NREM sleep | 25.5 ± 1.6 | 30.2 ± 1.8** | 30.9 ± 3.0 | 36.0 ± 2.5 | 60.3 ± 1.6 | 2.3 ± 1.6*** | 56.6 ± 3.5 | 46.4 ± 5.0* |
| REM sleep | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 11.3 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.5*** | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 11.6 ± 1.4 |
*p < 0.05,
**p < 0.01, and
***p < 0.001, one-way repeated-measures ANOVA.