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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009;48(37):6790–6810. doi: 10.1002/anie.200900231

Table 4.

Phage-based electochemical biosensors.

Probe Analyte(s) Detection methods Detection limit Ref.
lytic phage-mediated release of the
β-D-gal as a cell marker		 E. coli K-12
E. coli MG1655		 release of enzymatic marker; amper-
ometry		 1 CFU/100 mL [130]
M13 phage with a gene for alkaline
phosphatase		 E. coli TG-1 amperometry 1 CFUmL−1 [131]
anti-MS2 IgG functionalized para-
magnetic bead		 bacteriophage MS2 paramagnetic bead based electro-
chemical immunoassay		 1.5×1010 MS2 phage
particles mL−1 		[132]
anti-MS2/OVA IgG functionalized
paramagnetic microbeads		 MS2 phage and ovalbumin amperometry 1.6×1011 MS2 phage
particles mL−1;
470 (ng ovalbumin) mL−1.		 [133]
phage-displayed antibodies lactose
L. monocytogenes
enzyme MtKatG		 amperometry n.a. [134]
phage displaying target-
specific peptides		 hPRL-3 and the mammary adeno-
carcinoma cell (MDAMB231)		 potentiometry,
LAPS		 0.04 nM hPRL-3
105 MDAMB231cellsmL−1 		[135]
M13 phage immobilized on elec-
trode		 PSMA[a] EIS 120 nM [136]
M13 phage immobilized on elec-
trode		 anti-M13 antibody EIS 20 nM [137]
M13 phage immobilized on elec-
trode		 anti-M13 antibody EIS, QCM 7 nM [138]
phage-displayed antibody hα1 acid glycoprotein, ricin,
M13 phage, fluorescein,
Bacillus globigii 		redox enzyme amplified electro-
chemical detection		 attomole concentration [139]
DNA probe phage electric DNA chips
bead-based sandwich hybridization
with enzyme-labeled probes		 107 phages [140]
phage-displayed α- or β-glucosi-
dase		 Bacillus cereus and
Mycobacterium smegmatis 		amperometry with disposable screen-
printed electrodes		 10 viable cellsmL1 [141]
[a]

PSMA = prostate-specific membrane antigen.