Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of 12 elders with bipolar disorder administered donepezil
| Subject | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10* | 11* | 12* | mean | SD | median | Wilcoxon z =, effect size (es) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64 | 79 | 64 | 75 | 81 | 76 | 75 | 63 | 82 | 68 | 86 | 80 | 74.4 | 7.86 | 75.5 | ||
| Education | 16 | 9 | 18 | 20 | 18 | 12 | 20 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 12 | 12 | 15.6 | 3.93 | 16.0 | ||
| Gender | F | F | F | M | M | F | M | F | F | M | F | M | |||||
| Race | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | C | AA | SA | C | C | |||||
| CIRS-G total | 10 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 19 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 9.4 | 4.38 | 8.5 | ||
| CIRS-G count | 8 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 5.8 | 2.29 | 5.0 | ||
| MMSE | 30 | 26 | 30 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 28 | 24 | 29 | 24 | 24 | 27.0 | 2.34 | 27.5 | ||
| DRS total score | 139 | 122 | 135 | 129 | 139 | 139 | 138 | 137 | 124 | 139 | 126 | 118 | 132.1 | 7.81 | 136.0 | ||
| EXIT | 8 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 6 | 10 | 20 | 10.8 | 3.49 | 11.0 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | Li | VLP | Li | LMT | VLP | VLP | Li | Li | |||||||||
| SSRI | SSRI | SNRI | SNRI | SSRI | CBZ | SSRI | SSRI | SNRI | SSRI | CBZ | MRT | ||||||
| ATTENTION | |||||||||||||||||
| Digit span total – pre | 17 | 9 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 23 | 12 | 15.8 | 3.87 | 16.0 | |||||
| z=−0.419 es=0.15 |
0.6749 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 19 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 11 | 16.2 | 4.60 | 18.0 | |||||
| z=−0.119 es=0.04 |
0.9050 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 18 | 11 | 12 | 17 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 18 | 13 | 16.3 | 4.36 | 17.0 | |||||
| INFORMATION PROCESSING SPEED | |||||||||||||||||
| Trails A – pre | 0.73 | 2.69 | 2.14 | 0.95 | 1.95 | 2.27 | 2.62 | 1.63 | 3.43 | 2.05 | 0.85 | 2.14 | |||||
| z=0.770 es=0.26 |
0.4413 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 0.76 | 2.99 | 1.70 | 0.87 | 2.64 | 1.38 | 1.60 | 1.71 | 3.35 | 1.89 | 0.91 | 1.70 | |||||
| z=−0.534 es=0.19 |
0.5936 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 0.87 | 2.25 | 2.65 | 0.73 | 2.54 | 1.59 | 1.67 | 1.57 | 5.43 | 2.14 | 1.40 | 1.67 | |||||
| Digit symbol – pre | 78 | 30 | 30 | 76 | 34 | 33 | 33 | 44 | 28 | 42.89 | 19.87 | 33.00 | |||||
| z=−0.595 es=0.21 |
0.5515 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 79 | 29 | 30 | 62 | 39 | 51 | 57 | 45 | 9 | 44.56 | 20.73 | 45.00 | |||||
| z=−1.011 es=0.34 |
0.3122 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 86 | 33 | 30 | 64 | 49 | 46 | 42 | 50 | 16 | 46.22 | 20.28 | 46.00 | |||||
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING | |||||||||||||||||
| Trails B – pre | 1.56 | 14.29 | 6.11 | 2.24 | 9.16 | 9.43 | 6.27 | 5.21 | 23.00 | 8.59 | 6.65 | 6.27 | |||||
| z=−0.718 es=0.06 |
0.8590 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 2.00 | 10.78 | 8.76 | 2.37 | 5.03 | 9.98 | 3.22 | 5.91 | 50.00 | 10.89 | 15.02 | 5.91 | |||||
| z=1.481 es=0.46 |
0.1386 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 1.65 | 7.98 | 7.70 | 1.80 | 5.72 | 10.31 | 4.20 | 3.65 | 42.80 | 9.53 | 12.81 | 5.72 | |||||
| STROOP – pre | 2.50 | 3.69 | 3.96 | 2.83 | 3.64 | 2.83 | 2.40 | 2.23 | 3.09 | 3.02 | 0.62 | 2.83 | |||||
| z=−0.119 es=0.04 |
0.9056 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 2.54 | 3.49 | 4.66 | 2.79 | 2.63 | 2.49 | 3.04 | 1.83 | 7.87 | 3.48 | 1.82 | 2.79 | |||||
| z=1.051 es=0.35 |
0.2930 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 2.28 | 3.38 | 4.57 | 2.60 | 3.56 | 2.60 | 2.38 | 1.45 | 2.85 | 0.95 | 2.60 | ||||||
| IADL FUNCTIONING | |||||||||||||||||
| PASS assists – pre | 1.00 | 2.00 | 1.80 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 7.90 | 1.82 | 2.37 | 1.10 | |||||
| z=1.007 es=0.34 |
0.3139 | ||||||||||||||||
| Post | 0.00 | 2.10 | 1.40 | 0.90 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 1.70 | 0.30 | 5.70 | 1.50 | 1.74 | 1.40 | |||||
| z=−1.718 es=0.52 |
0.0858 | ||||||||||||||||
| Follow-up | 0.30 | 3.60 | 3.20 | 1.70 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.80 | 9.00 | 2.36 | 2.75 | 1.10 | |||||
| Restart donepezil(Y/N) | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y |
Subjects 10–12 exited the study.
Tests highlighted in gray are "reverse-coded" - higher scores indicate worse performance.
Abbreviations: RACE: W (Caucasian), AA (African-American), SA (Southeast Asian); CIRS-G = Cumulative Illness Rating Scale - Geriatric; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; DRS = Dementia Rating Scale; EXIT = Executive Interview; Li = lithium, VLP = valproate, LMT = lamotrigine, SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI = Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor; CBZ = carbamazepine, MRT = mirtazapine; Digit Span Total = number of digits retained forward and backward; Trails A = Number of seconds per completed connection; Trails B = Number of seconds per completed connection; PASS Assists = Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills – Level of Assistance Provided.