Table 2.

Bivariate correlations between discipline and other constructs separately by race

	Early physical discipline		Later physical discipline
Variable	European American	African American	European American	African American
Gendera	−.12*	−.02	−.10*	.07
Parent marital statusb	−.04	−.05	−.04	−.26*
Socioeconomic statusc	−.21***	−.21*	−.21***	−.10
Difficult temperamentc	.08	.19	.07	.00
Unadaptablec	.03	.24*	.03	.03
Resistance to controlc	.19***	.25*	.14**	−.03
Neighborhood unsafec	.25***	.06	.20***	.21
YSR externalizingd	.12*	−.06	.09	−.19
CBCL externalizingc	.21***	.07	.24***	−.03
Reactive/Proactive aggressiond	.14**	−.07	.17**	−.16
Reactive/Proactive aggressionc	.24***	.17	.20***	−.10
Violenced	.10	−.14	.13*	−.26*
School troubled	.22***	−.17	.12*	−.19
Police troubled	.13*	−.18	.03	−.24

^aCoded 1 = male, 2 = female.

^bCoded 1 = single parent, 2 = two parents.

^cMother report.

^dAdolescent report.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.