Table 4. Effects on trajectory parameters among nonabused children.
| Externalizing | Internalizing | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | χ2 (3) | Intercept | Slope | Accel. | χ2 (3) | Intercept | Slope | Accel. |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Ethnicity (African American) | 51.38*** | 1.85* (0.87) | 1.71* (0.74) | −0.06(0.19) | 13.64** | −0.21 (0.52) | 1.80** (0.57) | −0.43** (0.14) |
| Gender (male) | 33.36*** | 2.65*** (0.68) | 1.26* (0.58) | −0.29* (0.15) | 0.92 | — | — | — |
| Early social competence | 273.03*** | −4.73*** (0.29) | −0.10(0.30) | 0.13† (0.08) | 88.92*** | −1.02*** (0.20) | −0.32 (0.23) | 0.04 (0.06) |
| Early hostile attributions | 4.89 | — | — | — | 1.04 | — | — | — |
| Factors external to child | ||||||||
| Early SES | 44.28*** | −1.77*** (0.35) | 0.12(0.31) | −0.08 (0.08) | 33.33*** | −0.61*** (0.21) | 0.01 (0.24) | −0.06 (0.06) |
| Adolescent SES | 34.87*** | −1.20** (0.39) | −0.18(0.32) | −0.05 (0.08) | 40.56*** | −0.87*** (0.23) | 0.13 (0.25) | −0.08 (0.06) |
| Early stress | 13.94** | 0.48 (0.34) | 0.77* (0.32) | −0.17* (0.08) | 21.13*** | 0.02 (0.21) | 0.51* (0.24) | −0.07(0.06) |
| Adolescent stress | 36.52*** | 0.47 (0.38) | 0.99* (0.31) | −0.15† (0.08) | 33.73*** | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.40† (0.23) | −0.02 (0.06) |
| Neighborhood danger | 20.11*** | 0.51 (0.41) | 0.62† (0.34) | −0.05 (0.08) | 7.12† | — | — | — |
| Proactive parenting | 6.60† | — | — | — | 8.33* | −0.46* (0.20) | −0.02 (0.23) | 0.04 (0.06) |
| Adolescent harsh discipline | 20.47*** | 0.88* (0.38) | −0.62* (0.31) | 0.23** (0.08) | 5.03 | — | — | — |
| Parental decision making | 1.43 | — | — | — | 0.28 | — | — | — |
| Monitoring | 20.09*** | −0.96* (0.39) | 0.13(0.32) | −0.11 (0.08) | 12.14** | 0.18 (0.23) | −0.15(0.25) | −0.04 (0.06) |
| Parental knowledge | 22.11*** | −1.09** (0.37) | 0.02 (0.31) | −0.07(0.08) | 9.87* | −0.19(0.22) | 0.07 (0.24) | −0.06 (0.06) |
Note: Nonabused, n = 516. The values are the effects on the trajectory parameters and standard errors per standard deviation change (category change for demographics) in predictors after covarying ethnicity and gender.
†
p < .10.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.