TABLE 4.
Acute treatment for DIa
| Study | No. of primary DI cases/total no. of cases | Design | Treatment | Outcome (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ++ | + | 0 | Other | ||||
| Wilson and Miller (1946) | 4/51 | Retrospective | No antipsychotics | 10 | 8 | 82 | |
| Frithz (1979) | 15/15 | Open | Fluphenazine dec. i.m. (n = 10) or cisflupenthixol dec. i.m. (n = 5) | 73b | 20b | 7b | |
| Hamann and Avnstorp (1982) | 5/11 | Double-blind | Pimozide | 91 | 9 | ||
| Crossover | Placebo | 9 | 89 | ||||
| Munro (1982) | 9/25 | Open | Pimozide | 33c | 56c | 11c | |
| Lyell (1983 [193]) | ?/282 | Survey of dermatologists in United Kingdom | Pimozide (n = 66) | 67 | 24 | 9 | |
| Ungvari (1983, 1984) | 19/26 | Open | Pimozide (n = 22) | 64e | 36 | ||
| Haloperidol (n = 4) | 75 | 25 | |||||
| Ungvari and Vladar (1984, 1986) | 10/10 | On-off-on | Pimozide and placebo | 100d | 90% relapse | ||
| Musalek et al. (1989) | ?/34 | Open (specialized clinic) | Overall (n = 34) | 50 | 15 | 35 | |
| TCAs for depression (n = 12) | 75 | 25 | |||||
| Nootropics plus APs for organic/dementia-associated DI (n = 13) | 23 | 8 | 69 | ||||
| Paholpak (1990) | 9/10 | Open | Haloperidol | 100 | |||
| Trabert (1993) | 17/35 | Open (specialized clinic) | Pimozide (n = 15), butyrophenones (n = 15), fluspirilene i.m. (n = 2), additional ADs in seven cases | 27b,f | 54b | 18b | |
| Srinivasan et al. (1994) | 19/19 | Open (randomized) | Trifluoperazine (n = 6), chlorpromazine (n = 3), haloperidol (n = 2) | 58b | 32b | 11b | |
| Bilateral ECT (n = 8) | 75 | 13 | 13 | ||||
| Trabert (1995) | ?/1223 | Meta-analysis of 193 articles | No antipsychotics (n = 56) | 34 | 29 | 38 | |
| Typical APs (n = 206) | 52 | 32 | 17 | ||||
| Zomer et al. (1998) | ?/33 | Retrospective | Pimozide (n = 24) | 33 | 28 | 39 | |
| Other (n = 9) | 7 | 13 | 80 | ||||
| Bhatia et al. (2000) | 32/52 | Open | Pimozide (n = 46) | 52 | 35 | 13 | |
| Freudenmann and Lepping (2008) | 28/63 | Meta-analysis of 434 papers | Atypical APs (n = 63) | 37 | 38 | 5 | 21 |
a
Abbreviations: ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants; AD, antidepressants; APs, antipsychotics; i.m., intramuscularly; dec., decanoate; ++, full remission; +, response; 0, no effect.
b
Cannot be assigned further to the single substances.
c
Primary DI only.
d
In both “on” phases.
e
One patient also received fluspirilene intramuscularly.
f
Data available on antipsychotics for only 32 patients and on outcome for only 33 patients.