(A) Biomass production for wild-type strain MG1655/pLOI297, evolved wild-type strain MG1655 e50rep3/pLOI297, mutant TCS099/pLOI297, and evolved mutant TCS099 e50rep1/pLOI297 at a
kLa of 0.3/min. (B) Local ethanol yield. The local ethanol yield [
] was determined by using the following formula:
where
CEtOH(
ti) and
Cglycerol(
ti) are the concentrations of ethanol and glycerol (in g/liter) at time
ti, respectively.