Table 2.

Effects of different bone injuries on bone remodeling as evaluated in various studies

Study	Species	Parameter of measurement	Bone	Type of injury	Time point of measurement	Result
Bab et al. [3]	Rat	MAR, mineralization lag time, osteoid, osteoblasts, cartilage thickness	Mandibular condyles	Tibial bone marrow ablation	3–18 days	Increase in bone and cartilage formation
Gazit et al. [14]	Rat	Histomorphometry (surface area)	Mandibular condyles	Tibial bone marrow ablation	10 days	Healing marrow is responsible for osteogenic response
Einhorn et al. [10]	Rat	MAR	Both tibiae	Femoral cortical drilling + nailing + fracture	Various	Cortical injury did not produce increase, nailing did increase MAR for about 3 weeks, additional fracture did not alter effect
Hansen-Algenstaedt et al. [16]	Beagle	VEGF	Muscle samples	Distraction osteogenesis	25 days	Increased expression during distraction
Buckley et al. [8]	Avian	DNA synthesis, cell division	Calvarial osteoblast-like cell culture	Cyclic strain	72 hours	Increase and orientation of cells
Foldes et al. [12]	Human	Osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase	Iliac crest	Bone marrow aspiration	1 day to 5 weeks	Increase in serum
Müller et al. [24]	Rat	X-ray density, dry weight, ash weight, Ca2+ content, mineralizing surface, MAR, BFR	Femora, tibiae, vertebrae	Drill hole	7 days	Increase in trabecular bone, not in cortical bone
Müller et al. [25]	Rat	X-ray bone density	Femora, tibiae, vertebrae	Drill hole + immobilization	7 days	Decrease in systemic bone density
Funk et al. (current study)	Minipig	MAR, BFR	Rib cortex	Distraction osteogenesis	10 days	Increase in cortical bone

MAR = mineral apposition rate; BFR = bone formation rate; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.