Figure 3.

Nuclear Ca²⁺ responses in root hairs of the M. truncatula mutants nfp-2, dmi1-1, dmi2-2, and dmi3-1 following NF treatment. Root hairs were imaged with confocal laser microscopy at 5 s intervals for 2 × 10 min following 10⁻⁹ m NF treatment. Profiles are YFP-to-CFP ratios (arbitrary units) for nuclear-localized NupYC2.1. The nfp, dmi1, and dmi2 mutants are totally defective in nuclear Ca²⁺ responses, whereas the dmi3 root hair responds with sustained Ca²⁺ spiking. In this particular profile the main spiking is preceded by a high-frequency transient Ca²⁺ spiking sequence (bracketed) as often observed for the wild type. The dashed line indicates the time of NF application, and the time intervals are in minutes.