Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2009 Aug 1;125(3):491–524. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24445

Table 3.

A summary of studies on the association between maté consumption and risk of esophageal cancer

First author;
year of
publication
(Country;
period of
study)		 Case /
control a 		Amount, frequency,
duration, or status of maté
drinking		 OR (95% CI) b Maté drinking
temperature		 OR (95% CI) b Comments
(1. Study design; 2. histological subtypes of EC, if available; 3.
matching criteria, if applicable; and 4. the adjustments in statistical
models that were done for the presented results)
Vassallo; 198584

(Uruguay; 1979–
1984)		 226 / 469 Ever vs. never maté use
Men
Women
Maté drinking amount
(men)
Non-drinker
0.01–0.49 l/day
0.50–0.99 l/day
1.0+ l/day
(women)
Non-drinker
0.01–0.49 l/day
0.50–0.99 l/day
1.0+ l/day

3.9 (2.0–7.5)
11.9 (2.0–69.6)


1
1.1 (0.2–5.0)
3.1 (1.2–7.8)
4.8 (1.9–12.1)

1
2.1 (0.1–31.7)
12.5 (2.0–80.1)
34.6 (4.9–246.5)		 - -

  1. Hospital-based case-control study. Controls were patients with neoplastic conditions

  2. All cases were histologically confirmed EC; only ESCC cases

  3. No matching was reported

  4. Results were adjusted for age (results for amount of maté drinking by men were also adjusted for tobacco and alcohol use. A few women were smoker or alcohol drinker)
Castellsagué;
200058

(Argentina,
Brazil, Uruguay,
Paraguay; 1986–
1992)		 830 / 1779 Maté drinking (status)
Never-drinker
Ever-drinker
Ex-drinker
Current-drinker
(amount)
Nil
0.01–0.50 l/day
0.51–1.00 l/day
1.01–1.50 l/day
1.51–2.00 l/day
>2.00 l/day
(duration)
Nil
1–29 years
30-39 years
40–49 years
50–59 years
60+ years
(amount: cold/hot drinkers)
≤0.50 l/day
0.51–1.00 l/day
1.01–1.50 l/day
1.50+ l/day
(amount: very hot drinkers)
≤0.50 l/day
0.51–1.00 l/day
1.01–1.50 l/day
1.50+ l/day

1
1.52 (1.10–2.12)
1.87 (1.25–2.80)
1.47 (1.06–2.05)

1
1.39 (0.98–1.98)
1.34 (0.95–1.90)
1.96 (1.27–3.03)
2.03 (1.32–3.13)
3.04 (1.84–5.02)

1
1.40 (0.91–2.13)
1.39 (0.93–2.07)
1.53 (1.06–2.21)
1.47 (1.00–2.17)
1.92 (1.25–2.96)

1
0.91 (0.71–1.16)
1.50 (1.05–2.14)
1.38 (1.00–1.90)

0.99 (0.48–2.02)
1.59 (0.96–2.63)
0.73 (0.24–2.26)
4.14 (2.24–7.67)		 Cold/warm
Hot
Very hot		 1
1.11 (0.84–1.47)
1.89 (1.24–2.86)

  1. A pooled analysis of 5 other hospital-based case-control studies 35–38 the results from Uruguay came from 2 studies: one from 1985 to 1988 38 and the other was an extension of that study (1989–1992)

  2. Cases from Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay had histologically confirmed ESCC; in Paraguay, a cytological or radiological diagnosis of EC was acceptable

  3. Controls were individually matched for age and sex, admission to the same hospital and during the same period as the corresponding case

  4. Results are adjusted for age group, sex, hospital, residency, education, and tobacco and alcohol use
Sewram; 200385

(Uruguay; 1988–
2000)		 344 / 469 Maté drinking (status)
Never-drinker
Ever-drinker
(lifetime amount)
Nil
1–8000 l-years
8001–16000 l-years
16001–24000 l-years
24001+ l-years
(duration)
Nil
1–35 years
36–49 years
50–58 years
59+ years
(daily amount)
Nil
0.01–0.50 l
0.51–1.00 l
1.01+ l

1
2.26 (1.19–4.27)

1
1.43 (0.68–3.01)
2.21 (1.12–4.35)
2.43 (1.22–4.83)
3.07 (1.53–6.16)

1
1.31 (0.61–2.81)
2.29 (1.16–4.52)
2.58 (1.27–5.24)
4.31 (1.99–9.34)

1
1.69 (0.85–3.35)
2.47 (1.28–4.77)
2.84 (1.41–5.73)		 Non-drinkers
Warm/hot
Very hot		 1
2.00 (1.05–3.81)
3.98 (1.98–8.44)

  1. Hospital-based case-control study

  2. All cases were histologically confirmed EC; only ESCC cases

  3. Controls were frequency matched by gender

  4. Results were adjusted for age, sex, urban/rural status, education, and tobacco and alcohol use
De Stefani;
200886* and
200887*

(Uruguay; 1996–
2004)		 234/936 for
drinking
amount
234/468 for
drinking
temperature		 Maté drinking amount
Nil
0.01–0.99 l/day
1.00–1.99 l/day
2.00+ l/day

1
1.86 (0.93–3.72)
3.05 (1.59–5.85)
3.30 (1.64–6.62)		 Warm
Hot
Very hot		 1
2.03 (1.23–3.34)
5.76 (2.92–11.35)

  1. Hospital-based case-control study

  2. All cases were histologically confirmed EC; only ESCC cases

  3. Controls were individually matched for age, sex and residence

  4. For maté drinking variables only raw data was presented

Abbreviations: EAC, esophageal adenocarcinoma; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk;95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

a

Number of cases and controls

b

If studies reported both crude and adjusted ORs (95% CIs), we only present the adjusted results.

*

These studies showed crude numbers but not ORs and 95% CIs; we calculated these statistics using simple logistic regression models and present them.