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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Aff (Millwood). 2009 May–Jun;28(3):746–759. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.28.3.746

Exhibit 6.

Use of Utilization Management Tools for Selected Atypical Antipsychotics, Newer Antidepressants and Anticonvulsants for PDPs that Serve Dual Eligibles, 2006–2008

Of Plans that Cover Drug, % that
Require Each Utilization Management
Tool
Drug Product Prior
Authorization
Step Therapy
′06 ′07 ′08 ′06 ′07 ′08
Antipsychotics
Abilify 14% 14% 12% 0% 5% 7%
Abilify Discmelt N/A 16% 18% N/A 5% 7%

Risperdal 11% 0% 0% 0.5% 0% 0%
Risperdal Consta (IM) 26% 17% 15% 0.5% 0% 0%
Risperdal M-TAB ODT 11% 6% 6% 0.5% 0% 0%

Zyprexa 11% 10% 7% 0.5% 3% 7%
Zyprexa IM 23% 16% 7% 0.5% 4% 7%
Zyprexa Zydis 7% 19% 18% 0.5% 0.2% 2%

Antidepressants
Celexa 0% 2% 2% 0% 3% 51%
Citalopram 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0%
Lexapro 0% 0% 0% 0% 14% 26%

Cymbalta 15% 1% 2% 0% 24% 33%

Paroxetine 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 0%
Paxil 0% 2% 2% 0% 3% 51%
Paxil CR 5% 0% 1% 5% 7% 39%

Anticonvulsants
Carbamazepine 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Carbamazepine chewable 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Tegretol 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Tegretol chewable 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Lamictal 11% 23% 0% 0% 0% 5%
Lamictal chewable 0% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Lamotragine chewable 5% 14% 0% 0% 0% 5%

Depakote 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Depakote ER 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Depakote sprinkles 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Valproic acid 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Valproate IV 6% 2% 1% 0% 0% 0%

Note: The source of these data is the January 2006, 2007, and 2008 CMS Prescription Drug Formulary and Pharmacy Network Files. “N/A” refers to drug products not yet available as of January of the year in question. There were 409 PDPs serving dual eligibles in 2006, 642 in 2007, and 495 in 2008.