Table 1.

Results of Multilevel Growth Curve Analyses Examining Effects of Driving Cessation on Health, Physical, and Social Functioning

Effect	Estimate	Standard Error	t	Degrees of Freedom	p Value
Physical functioning
Intercept	113.51	12.62	8.99	685	<.001
Time	−0.15	0.01	−11.01	605	<.001
Driving status	6.66	2.03	3.28	1387	.001
Time since cessation	−0.02	0.01	−1.37	1387	.170
Physical role
Intercept	137.69	18.25	7.54	684	<.001
Time	−0.20	0.03	−7.06	603	<.001
Driving status	11.17	3.94	2.84	1384	.005
Time since cessation	−0.0001	0.02	−0.01	1384	.996
Social functioning
Intercept	88.18	9.64	9.14	685	<.001
Time	−0.10	0.02	−6.15	604	<.001
Driving status	7.68	2.20	3.49	1388	<.001
Time since cessation	0.02	0.01	1.41	1388	.159
Physical performance
Intercept	−0.003	0.95	0.00	678	.998
Time	0.01	0.002	6.27	491	<.001
Driving status	−0.81	0.23	−3.53	698	<.001
Time since cessation	−0.002	0.001	−1.76	698	.078
General health
Intercept	80.83	9.34	8.65	685	<.001
Time	−0.06	0.01	−4.86	601	<.001
Driving status	1.39	1.74	0.80	1383	.425
Time since cessation	−0.03	0.01	−2.97	1383	.003
Self-rated health
Intercept	2.62	0.47	5.59	684	<.001
Time	0.002	0.001	3.24	565	.001
Driving status	−0.19	0.10	−1.80	1193	.072
Time since cessation	0.001	0.001	1.35	1193	.176
Depressive symptoms
Intercept	3.42	2.43	1.41	684	.160
Time	0.01	0.004	2.05	565	.041
Driving status	−0.39	0.52	−0.75	1192	.453
Time since cessation	0.005	0.003	1.52	1192	.128

Note: The above models controlled for baseline age, sex, and years of education.