Table 1.

Example contrasts in which the semantic and control conditions are not matched on orthographic or phonological processing demands

Semantic condition		Control condition
Stimulus, for example	Task	Stimulus, for example	Task
horse	Read silently	/ / / / /	View silently
horse	Read aloud	υβγσφ	Say “OK”
horse	Read silently	nbgsj	Read silently
horse	Does it have an ascender?	nbgsj	Does it have an ascender?
horse	Is it living or nonliving?	nbgsj	Does it have more than 4 letters?
horse, zebra	Are they related in meaning?	nbgsj, nbqsj	Are they identical?
“horse”	Listen	distorted speech	Listen
“horse”	Is it living or nonliving?	tones	Is it high or low in pitch?
“horse”	Is it living or nonliving?	distorted speech	Is it a male or female voice?
“horse”	Is it living or nonliving?	“ba”	Is it “ba” or “pa”?

Note: The “living/nonliving” task is intended to represent a variety of similar semantic decision tasks. All examples are from the studies reviewed.