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Transepithelial transport of O-desmethyl-tramadol across Caco-2 cell monolayers, the effect of cyclosporine A and the influence of pH conditions. O-desmethyl-tramadol (10 µM) was added to the apical side (open columns) or the basolateral side (solid columns) of the monolayers in the presence (+cyclosporine) or absence (control) of 10 µM cyclosporine A at pH 6.8/7.4 (A) and pH 7.4/7.4 (B). Data are the mean ± SD of three experiments. *P < 0.05.
