Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for rectal cancer among Whites according to food groups (North Carolina Colon Cancer Study-Phase II)*
| Food Group (servings/week) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total grains | 154/202 (20.7)‡ | 161/199 (32.3) | 181/199 (41.5) | 224/200 (60.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 1.44 (0.92–2.25) | 0.09 |
| Whole grains | 204/200 (2.8) | 182/203 (6.3) | 174/198 (10.2) | 160/199 (16.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.74–1.42) | 0.92 (0.66–1.27) | 0.93 (0.66–1.31) | 0.55 |
| Non-whole grains | 140/200 (14.7) | 149/201 (23.6) | 200/200 (32.3) | 231/199 (48.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 1.46 (1.01–2.12) | 1.60 (1.01–2.53) | 0.04 |
| Total fruit | 243/204 (7.35) | 190/201 (14.3) | 136/199 (21.0) | 151/199 (32.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.60–1.13) | 0.63 (0.45–0.87) | 0.62 (0.44–0.86) | 0.0021 |
| Citrus fruit | 223/200 (1.89) | 218/199 (5.6) | 145/201 (9.7) | 134/200 (16.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.61 (0.43–0.86) | 0.0012 |
| Other fruit | 232/202 (3.01) | 161/198 (7.1) | 177/200 (11.5) | 150/200 (18.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.54–1.03) | 0.83 (0.60–1.14) | 0.67 (0.48–0.94) | 0.04 |
| Total vegetables | 207/202 (14.7) | 186/202 (23.7) | 149/165 (31.4) | 178/201 (44.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 0.76 (0.53–1.09) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.07 |
| Tomato | 197/201 (1.3) | 190/205 (2.4) | 168/197 (3.6) | 165/197 (6.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.35 |
| Dark green vegetables | 277/206 (0.6) | 173/196 (1.7) | 152/198 (3.1) | 118/200 (6.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.68 (0.50–0.93) | 0.59 (0.43–0.81) | 0.41 (0.29–0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Deep yellow vegetables | 286/229 (0.5) | 149/181 (1.0) | 148/196 (1.8) | 137/194 (3.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 0.60 (0.43–0.83) | 0.65 (0.46–0.90) | 0.02 |
| Beans and peas | 169/179 (0.1) | 211/233 (0.6) | 176/188 (1.2) | 164/200 (2.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.91 (0.64–1.30) | 0.52 |
| White potatoes | 112/209 (1.3) | 168/198 (3.3) | 178/189 (5.6) | 262/204 (9.3) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.57 (1.10–2.23) | 1.83 (1.27–2.63) | 2.55 (1.74–3.73) | <0.0001 |
| Other starchy vegetables | 204/204 (0.8) | 167/186 (1.8) | 185/210 (3.0) | 164/200 (5.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.56–1.07) | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | 0.026 |
| Other vegetables | 232/204 (5.0) | 159/197 (8.3) | 173/200 (11.8) | 156/199 (18.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.54–1.05) | 0.79 (0.56–1.09) | 0.66 (0.47–0.94) | 0.04 |
| Total dairy | 203/202 (3.6) | 208/201 (6.7) | 170/198 (10.9) | 139/199 (17.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.59–1.12) | 0.66 (0.47–0.93) | 0.47 (0.32–0.69) | <0.0001 |
| Cheese | 189/191 (0.6) | 208/214 (1.5) | 155/194 (2.6) | 168/201 (5.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.74–1.41) | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) | 0.73 (0.50–1.06) | 0.06 |
| Milk | 183/205 (1.4) | 190/198 (3.7) | 204/197 (6.6) | 143/200 (12.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.66 (0.46–0.95) | 0.017 |
| Yogurt | 435/430 (0.0) | 285/370 (0.42) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.53–0.89) | --- | ||
| Total meat | 154/200 (4.2) | 208/202 (7.0) | 184/198 (10.2) | 174/200 (15.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.92–1.82) | 0.97 (0.67–1.40) | 0.78 (0.50–1.21) | 0.07 |
| Red meat | 148/199 (1.30) | 187/203 (2.7) | 198/198 (4.4) | 187/200 (7.8) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 1.22 (0.85–1.74) | 0.85 (0.56–1.28) | 0.26 |
| Organ meat† | 380/425 (0.0) | 340/375 (0.23) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | --- | ||
| Processed meat | 131/204 (0.3) | 178/202 (0.8) | 208/198 (1.6) | 203/196 (3.1) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.82–1.64) | 1.45 (1.03–2.05) | 1.27 (0.87–1.85) | 0.26 |
| Fish | 233/194 (0.3) | 194/209 (0.9) | 157/197 (1.5) | 136/200 (2.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.53–0.99) | 0.68 (0.48–0.94) | 0.52 (0.36–0.73) | 0.0004 |
| Poultry | 185/202 (0.6) | 210/199 (1.3) | 175/194 (2.2) | 150/205 (4.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.83–1.59) | 0.96 (0.68–1.34) | 0.68 (0.47–0.98) | 0.01 |
| Eggs | 175/192 (0.6) | 175/209 (1.4) | 149/202 (2.5) | 221/197 (4.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 0.81 (0.57–1.14) | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 0.86 |
| Nuts | 192/216 (0.2) | 188/189 (0.7) | 199/198 (1.5) | 141/197 (4.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.90–1.71) | 1.26 (0.90–1.76) | 0.92 (0.64–1.32) | 0.24 |
| Soy | 558/578 (0.0) | 162/222 (0.07) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.70–1.20) | --- | ||
| Added sugar (g) | 163/200 (177.5) | 144/200 (314.0) | 171/200 (489.0) | 242/200 (832.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 0.19 |
| Discretionary fat (g) | 146/200 (237.6) | 153/200 (373.7) | 205/200 (514.2) | 216/200 (745.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.37 (0.92–2.05) | 1.32 (0.76–2.28) | 0.21 |
*
adjusted for age, sex, education, income. BMI 1 year ago, physical activity, family history, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and total energy intake
†
OR represents consumers vs. non-consumers (referent)
‡
number of cases/number of controls (median intake in controls)