Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for rectal cancer among African Americans according to food groups (North Carolina Colon Cancer Study-Phase II)*
| Food Group (servings/week) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total grains | 64/40 (20.1)‡ | 60/40 (35.5) | 44/40 (45.5) | 57/39 (65.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.35–1.41) | 0.55 (0.24–1.28) | 0.52 (0.19–1.40) | 0.19 |
| Whole grains | 72/41 (2.9) | 59/40 (6.3) | 52/39 (10.6) | 42/39 (18.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.59–2.39) | 0.91 (0.45–1.83) | 0.67 (0.21–1.42) | 0.20 |
| Non-whole grains | 44/40 (14.4) | 71/40 (25.7) | 49/40 (37.5) | 61/39 (53.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.58–2.43) | 0.83 (0.35–2.00) | 1.08 (0.37–3.12) | 0.99 |
| Total fruit | 42/40 (7.9) | 33/40 (13.7) | 73/41 (22.8) | 77/38 (38.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.42–1.97) | 2.22 (1.05–4.72) | 1.90 (0.88–4.10) | 0.05 |
| Citrus fruit | 37/40 (2.3) | 60/40 (5.7) | 57/41 (10.6) | 71/38 (21.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.97 (0.94–4.17) | 1.67 (0.79–6.54) | 1.54 (0.71–3.35) | 0.68 |
| Other fruit | 41/40 (3.1) | 41/39 (7.4) | 43/41 (11.7) | 100/39 (20.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.53–2.62) | 1.33 (0.61–2.90) | 3.25 (1.52–6.96) | 0.0004 |
| Total vegetables | 64/40 (11.7) | 26/40 (19.3) | 60/40 (27.4) | 75/39 (45.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.36 (0.17–0.79) | 0.79 (0.38–1.64) | 0.90 (0.40–2.04) | 0.58 |
| Tomato | 63/46 (0.6) | 55/31 (1.4) | 47/43 (2.4) | 60/39 (4.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.40–1.72) | 0.58 (0.29–1.19) | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | 0.64 |
| Dark green vegetables | 61/40 (0.7) | 39/40 (1.8) | 50/40 (3.6) | 75/39 (8.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.54 (0.25–1.15) | 0.58 (0.28–1.20) | 1.00 (0.48–2.08) | 0.42 |
| Deep yellow vegetables | 63/47 (0.3) | 45/31 (0.8) | 59/42 (1.5) | 58/39 (3.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.52–2.26) | 0.72 (0.35–1.48) | 0.78 (0.36–1.66) | 0.45 |
| Beans and peas | 70/46 (0.1) | 71/35 (0.6) | 37/39 (1.3) | 47/39 (2.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.60–2.31) | 0.57 (0.27–1.17) | 0.49 (0.23–1.07) | 0.02 |
| White potatoes | 50/41 (1.0) | 63/39 (2.8) | 45/40 (4.5) | 67/39 (8.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.46–1.99) | 0.51 (0.23–1.14) | 0.97 (0.42–2.26) | 0.89 |
| Other starchy vegetables | 62/40 (0.8) | 52/42 (1.5) | 43/37 (2.7) | 68/40 (5.3) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.46–1.94) | 0.61 (0.29–1.29) | 0.87 (0.40–1.87) | 0.75 |
| Other vegetables | 54/42 (3.6) | 38/38 (6.5) | 60/39 (8.8) | 73/40 (17.7) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.18–0.82) | 0.75 (0.36–1.57) | 0.87 (0.39–1.90) | 0.66 |
| Total dairy | 37/40 (1.5) | 49/40 (3.4) | 66/40 (6.8) | 73/39 (13.3) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.44–1.97) | 1.04 (0.47–2.32) | 1.18 (0.53–2.62) | 0.55 |
| Cheese | 49/36 (0.2) | 46/46 (0.8) | 68/39 (1.7) | 62/38 (4.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.633 (0.30–1.31) | 0.84 (0.39–1.81) | 1.04 (0.44–2.46) | 0.50 |
| Milk | 37/36 (0.6) | 62/44 (2.1) | 60/39 (4.1) | 66/40 (8.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.45–1.96) | 0.78 (0.35–1.75) | 0.90 (0.41–1.95) | 0.85 |
| Yogurt | 142/104 (0.0) | 83/55 (0.21) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.62–1.87) | --- | ||
| Total meat | 56/40 (4.2) | 34/39 (7.0) | 78/41 (11.6) | 57/39 (18.9) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.42 (0.19–0.92) | 1.03 (0.50–2.14) | 0.59 (0.22–1.56) | 0.65 |
| Red meat | 58/41 (1.0) | 39/39 (2.3) | 65/39 (3.7) | 63/40 (8.8) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.25–1.08) | 0.97 (0.48–1.97) | 0.72 (0.30–1.71) | 0.70 |
| Organ meat | 65/56 (0.0) | 160/103 (0.09) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.63–1.87) | --- | ||
| Processed meat | 44/41 (0.3) | 84/38 (1.0) | 43/42 (2.0) | 54/38 (3.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.73 (0.86–3.49) | 0.48 (0.21–1.08) | 0.89 (0.37–2.11) | 0.23 |
| Fish | 43/39 (0.3) | 61/41 (0.9) | 69/41 (2.0) | 52/38 (3.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.68 (0.80–3.54) | 1.29 (0.62–2.58) | 1.14 (0.51–2.54) | 0.88 |
| Poultry | 49/40 (0.7) | 69/43 (1.7) | 52/36 (2.9) | 55/40 (5.0) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.63–2.55) | 1.18 (0.57–2.44) | 1.17 (0.53–2.59) | 0.82 |
| Eggs | 57/42 (0.7) | 45/38 (1.8) | 57/40 (3.1) | 66/39 (6.6) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.38–1.60) | 1.18 (0.59–2.35) | 1.53 (0.73–3.20) | 0.16 |
| Nuts | 60/41 (0.1) | 62/37 (0.4) | 36/40 (0.9) | 67/41 (2.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.44–1.81) | 0.40 (0.18–0.86) | 0.73 (0.34–1.58) | 0.57 |
| Soy | 176/128 (0.0) | 49/31 (0.04) | |||
| OR (95% CI)† | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.52–1.81) | --- | ||
| Added sugar (g) | 38/40 (188.7) | 41/39 (351.7) | 55/41 (645.1) | 91/39 (1036.3) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.20 (0.57–2.50) | 1.64 (0.74–3.66) | 2.65 (1.11–6.34) | 0.02 |
| Discretionary fat (g) | 57/40 (222.5) | 42/40 (387.7) | 67/40 (551.2) | 59/39 (823.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.45 (0.21–0.97) | 0.51 (0.21–1.25) | 0.31 (0.09–1.11) | 0.10 |
*
adjusted for age, sex, education, income, BMI 1 year ago, physical activity, family history, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and total energy intake
†
OR represents consumers vs. non-consumers (referent)
‡
number of cases/number of controls (median intake in controls)