. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Jan 28;104(Suppl 1):S24–S33. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.005

Table 5.

Maternal education at child's birth and prenatal smoking as predictors of child behavior problems (NLSY first born mother-child dyads 1979-2004, child 4-14 years N≥3,971)

Covariates	Antisocial (N=3,971)						Anxious/Depressed (N=3,977)

			Model 1		Model 2				Model 1		Model 2

	UOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	UOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI	AOR	95% CI

Maternal education at child's birth (vs. less than high school)
High school	0.61^***	0.52-0.72	0.84	0.69-1.04	0.80^*	0.66-0.97	0.82	0.71-0.97	1.12	0.92-1.36	0.93	0.78-1.12
Some college	0.41^***	0.33-0.51	0.68^**	0.51-0.90	0.62^***	0.48-0.80	0.57^***	0.47-0.69	1.34	0.81-1.34	0.77^*	0.61-0.98
College or more	0.28^***	0.22-0.36	0.67^*	0.48-0.96	0.59^***	0.43-0.80	0.43^***	0.34-0.52	1.08	0.79-1.46	0.69^**	0.52-0.90
Maternal prenatal smoking (vs. no)
Smoked < pack/day	1.48^***	1.25-1.75	1.01	0.82-1.24	1.01	0.82-1.25	1.30^***	1.11-1.52	0.98	0.81-1.18	0.99	0.82-1.19
Smoked ≥ pack/day	2.54^***	1.99-3.25	1.45^*	1.07-1.96	1.44^*	1.06-1.95	2.30^***	1.82-2.91	1.51^**	1.13-2.01	1.47^**	1.11-1.96
Maternal postnatal smoking (vs. no)
Smoked < pack/day	1.63^***	1.38-1.92	1.25^*	1.02-1.54	1.26^*	1.02-1.54	1.33^***	1.14-1.56	1.00	0.83-1.21	1.01	0.84-1.22
Smoked ≥ pack/day	1.94^***	1.51-2.47	1.51^**	1.11-2.05	1.50^**	1.11-2.03	2.04^***	1.63-2.56	1.40^*	1.06-1.86	1.37^*	1.04-1.81
Maternal age at first birth	0.93^***	0.92-0.94	0.98	0.96-1.00	-	-	0.94^***	0.92-0.95	0.94^***	0.92-0.96	-	-
Income at first birth	0.99^***	0.99-0.99	0.99	0.99-1.00	0.99	0.99-1.00	0.99^***	0.99-0.99	0.99^*	0.99-0.99	0.99^**	0.99-0.99
Marital status at first birth (vs. married)
Divorced, separated, widowed	1.63^**	1.18-2.26	1.24	0.87-1.77	1.22	0.86-1.74	0.92	0.67-1.27	0.74	0.52-1.05	0.70^*	0.50-0.99
Never married	2.22^***	1.86-2.64	1.35^**	1.09-1.67	1.39^**	1.13-1.72	1.61^***	1.37-1.89	1.19	0.98-1.45	1.31	1.08-1.59
Number of children ever born	1.19^***	1.12-1.27	1.11^**	1.04-1.19	1.11^**	1.04-1.19	1.16^***	1.09-1.22	1.07^***	1.00-1.14	1.13^***	1.06-1.14
Maternal depression	1.10^***	1.09-1.12	1.08^***	1.06-1.10	1.08^***	1.06-1.10	1.10^***	1.09-1.12	1.09^***	1.07-1.11	1.09^***	1.07-1.10
Maternal delinquency	1.93^***	1.56-2.40	1.46^**	1.15-1.84	1.45^**	1.15-1.84	1.56^***	1.27-1.93	1.22	0.98-1.53	1.21	0.94-1.51
Race/ethnicity (vs. white)
Hispanic	1.42^**	1.09-1.84	1.21	0.91-1.62	1.22	0.92-1.63	0.97	0.76-1.24	0.79	0.61-1.03	0.80	0.61-1.05
African American	2.03^***	1.69-2.42	1.60^***	1.30-1.98	1.62^***	1.31-2.00	0.94	0.79-1.12	0.67^***	0.54-0.82	0.70^***	0.61-1.04
Child sex (vs. female)	1.97^***	1.72-2.27	2.12^***	1.83-2.46	2.13^***	1.83-2.47	0.91	0.81-1.03	0.91	0.80-1.04	0.92	0.81-1.05
-2 log likelihood (df)				4448.01 (23)		4450.52 (22)				5344.28 (23)		5381.57 (22)

p<0.05;

^**

p<0.01;

^***

p<0.001

UOR= unadjusted odds ratio; AOR= adjusted odds ratio