TABLE 1.
Demographic Data of Healthy Subjects and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects (mean ± sem)
| Healthy subjects | Diabetic subjects | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 22 | 22 | |
| Age | 43.5 ± 2.5 | 53.2 ± 1.6 | |
| Gender | Male | 13 | 13 |
| Female | 9 | 9 | |
| Race | White | 15 | 10 |
| African-American | 5 | 8 | |
| Hispanic, Asian | 2 | 4 | |
| Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 21 | 9 |
| Former-smoker | 0 | 5 | |
| Smoker | 1 | 8 | |
| Duration of diabetes (year) | 8.1 ± 1.3 | ||
| Diabetic complications | Cardiovascular disease (%) | 54.5 | |
| Retinopathy (%) | 12.5 | ||
| Periodontal condition | Healthy | 21 | 2 |
| Gingivitis, mild periodontitis | 1 | 20 | |
| Moderate, severe periodontitis | 0 | 0 | |
| Diabetic treatment | Insulin (%) | 36.4 | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 193.3.5 ± 16.3 | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 0.4 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 162.4 ± 11.6 |