Table 1.

Description of measures used to construct risk/need indicators

Risk variables	Indicators	Instrument used to assess indicators (number of items)
Prior criminal behavior	Age at first arrest	Court record (1)
	Number of prior court petitions — past year	Court record (1)
	Aggressive offending	Self report of offending (Huizinga, Esbensen, & Weihar, 1991) (11)
	Income-related offending	Self report of offending (Huizinga et al., 1991) (11)
Antisocial attitudes	Moral disengagement	Mechanisms of moral disengagement (Bandura, Barbarnelli, Caprara, & Pastorelli, 1996) (32; alpha=.88)
	Consideration of others	Weinberger adjustment inventory (Weinberger & Schwartz, 1990) (7; alpha=.73)
	Legal cynicism	Procedural justice inventory (Tyler, 1997) (5; alpha=.60)
Parental deviance	Mother arrested or jailed — ever	Question from baseline interview (1)
	Father arrested or jailed—ever	Question from baseline interview (1)
	Mother had drug problem — ever	Substance use/abuse inventory (Chassin, Rogosch, & Barrera, 1991) (1)
	Mother was alcoholic — ever	Substance use/abuse inventory (Chassin et al., 1991) (1)
Association with antisocial peers	Peer antisocial behavior	Rochester youth study (Thornberry et al., 1993) (12; alpha=.92)
	Peer antisocial influence	Rochester youth study (Thornberry et al., 1993) (7; alpha=.89)
	Proportion of friends arrested — ever	Question from baseline interview (1)
	Proportion of friends jailed — ever	Question from baseline interview (1)
School difficulties	Expelled — Ever	Question from Baseline Interview (1)
	Caught cheating or disturbing class before Age 11	Question from baseline interview (1)
	Skipped school or classes — ever	Question from baseline interview (1)
	Dropped out of school	Question from baseline interview (1)
Mood/anxiety problems	Diagnosis of select mood disorder — past year	Composite international Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (World Health Organization, 1990) (1)
	Impairment from depressive symptoms — evera	CIDI (World Health Organization, 1990) (1)
	Diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder — ever	CIDI (World Health Organization, 1990) (1)
	Significant anxiety problemsb	Revised children's manifest anxiety scale (Reynolds & Richmond, 1985) (28; alpha=.87)
Substance use problems	Diagnosis of select substance use disorderc	CIDI (World Health Organization, 1990) (1)
	Significant social consequences from alcohol used	Substance use/abuse inventory (Chassin et al., 1991) (17)
	Social social consequences from drug use	Substance use/abuse inventory (Chassin et al., 1991) (17)
	Dependence symptoms from alcohol or drug use	Substance use/abuse inventory (Chassin et al., 1991) (10)

^aSelect mood disorders included major depressive disorder, dysthymia, or manic episode.

^bThe presence of significant anxiety problems was determined using a cutoff score (greater than 2 standard deviations from the sample mean) based on the distributions of gender-and ethnic-specific subsamples.

^cSelect substance disorders included alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse, or drug dependence.

^dSocial consequences and dependence symptoms were considered significant if greater than three items were endorsed.