Table 2.

Strategies for inhibition of TLR function and signalling

Approach	Mechanism	Refs.
1) Monoclonal antibodies	blockade of ligand binding inhibition of TLR dimerization inhibition of TLR/coreceptor interactions	(154, 222)
2) Natural or synthetic antagonists	blockade of ligand binding	(36, 140, 141)
3) Soluble decoy TLRs	blockade of ligand binding inhibition of TLR/coreceptor interactions	(129, 156)
4) BB loop decoy peptides	inhibition of Toll/IL-1R-dependent TLR/adaptor interactions	(138, 139, 221)
5) Dominant-negative versions of  signalling adaptors	abrogation of TLR-mediated signalling	(55, 195)
6) RNA interference and  microRNA-based approaches	inhibition of expression of receptors or downstream signalling intermediates	(6, 18, 53, 209)
7) Kinase inhibitors	negative regulation of TLR downstream signalling	(48, 145, 188)
8) Anti-cytokine therapy  (neutralizing antibodies,  soluble cytokine receptors,  receptor antagonists)	neutralization of TLR-induced pro- inflammatory cytokines	(74, 163)