Table 3.

Adjuvanted immunization studies against periodontal pathogens

Immunogen	Adjuvant	Animal model	Immunization route	Results	Refs.
P. gingivalis hemoglobin- binding domain of gingipain (HA2)	Freund’s complete adjuvant	rats	subcutaneous	High levels of serum IgG antibody responses Protection against bone loss *	(44)
Purified ariginine gingipains (RgpA or RgpB) from P. gingivalis	Freund’s complete adjuvant	mice	subcutaneous	Elevated IgG antibody responses Protection against bone loss in animals immunized with RgpA but not with RgpB	(67)
Proteinase adhesin complex ( RgpA- Kgp) from P. gingivalis	Freund’s incomplete adjuvant	rats	subcutaneous	High-titer serum IgG2a antibody responses Protection against bone loss Inhibition of P. gingivalis colonization	(184)
P. gingivalis cysteine proteinase (porphypain-2)	Freund’s incomplete adjuvant	monkeys	intramuscular & subcutaneous	Elevated IgG antibody responses Reduction in total number of gram-negative anaerobes but not of P. gingivalis	(159)
P. gingivalis recombinant hemagglutinin B	monophosphoryl lipid A	mice	intranasal	High levels of serum IgG and salivary IgA antibody responses	(245)
Fimbrial peptide from A. actinomycetemcomi tans	Ribi adjuvant system R-700 **	mice	intramuscular	High-titer serum IgG antibody responses In vitro inhibition of A. actinomycetem- comitans adherence by anti-peptide serum IgG antibodies	(101)
Fimbrial peptide from A. actinomycetemcomi tans	cholera toxin and IL-4- expressing plasmid	mice	intranasal	High levels of salivary IgA antibody responses	(101)
Formalin-killed P. gingivalis	Syntex Adjuvant Formulation-M ***	monkeys	intramuscular & subcutaneous	Elevated serum IgG antibody responses Protection against bone loss Modest inhibitory effect against P. gingivalis colonization	(178)
Formalin-killed P. gingivalis	Syntex Adjuvant Formulation-M ***	monkeys	intramuscular & subcutaneous	Elevated IgG antibody responses in gingival crevicular fluid Suppressed gingival crevicular fluid levels of prostaglandin E2 Inhibition of bone loss	(187)

^*The adjuvant was associated with enhanced IgG responses (vs. immunogen alone) but not with bone loss protection

^**Emulsion of monophosphoryl lipid A and synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate

^***Oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by Tween 80 and pluronic polyoxyethlene/polyoxypropylene block copolymer L121(Syntex Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA)