Table 4.
TLR adjuvant mechanisms
| Mechanisms | Refs. |
|---|---|
| 1) Stimulation of dendritic cell maturation and migration | (12, 105, 108, 168) |
| 2) Induction of phagosome maturation and presentation of their peptide cargo by MHC class II |
(25) |
| 3) Enhancement of antigen uptake | (106, 199) |
| 4) Direct action on T cell function a) Maintenance of T cell memory b) Expansion of effector T cells and attenuation of T regulatory cell suppressive activity |
(125, 137) |
| 5) Reversal of established T regulatory cell-induced tolerance |
(174, 177, 246) |
| 6) Costimulation of naïve B cells (“third signal”) | (194) |
| 7) Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells | (42, 98, 201) |