Table 3.

Genes that are candidate modifiers for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Gene	Symbol	Locus	Polymorphism	Results
Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme-1	ACE	17q23	I/D	DD is associated with higher risk of SCD [73]
				DD is associated with severity of hypertrophy [74,81]
				DD is more common in HCM patients [82,83]
				Frequency of DD genotype unchanged [84]
				No association with indices of hypertrophy [84,85]
Angiotensinogen	AGT	1q42	−6G/A	No association with indices of hypertrophy [75,84]
			T174M	235T allele more common in HCM [70]
			M235T	Frequency of T174M and M235T unchanged [84]
Angiotensin II receptor 1	AGTR1	3q21–q25	1166A/C	No association with indices of hypertrophy [75]
				C allele is associated with severity of hypertrophy [85]
Chymase	CMA1	14q11.1	1625A/G	No changes in frequency in HCM [82]
Bradykinin B2 receptor	BDKRB2	14q32.1– q32.2	−412C/G T21M	T21M was found in HCM cases but not in controls [71]
Aldosterone synthase	CYP11B2	8q21–q22	−344T/C	No association with indices of hypertrophy [76]
Endothelin-1	EDN1	6p24.1	8002G/A	A allele is associated with severity of hypertrophy [75]
Tumor necrosis factor α	TNF	6p21.3	−308G/A	A allele is associated with severity of hypertrophy [76]
Insulin-like growth factor 2	IGF2	11p15.5	820G/A	No association with indices of hypertrophy [76]
Transforming growth factor β1	TGFB1	19p13.2	−509C/T	No association with indices of hypertrophy [76]
Interleukin 6	IL6	7p21	−174G/C	No association with indices of hypertrophy [76]
Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase	PLA2G7	6p21.2-p12	994G/T (V279T)	T allele is more common in HCM and is associated with increased left ventricular dimension and decreased function [72]