Helicobacter pylori infection induces CagA-dependent TAK1 ubiquitination. (A) Endogenous TAK1 was immunoprecipitated (IP) from AGS cells infected with wt or ΔCagA H. pylori and ubiquitination of TAK1 was detected by immunoblotting (IB) with ubiquitin antibodies. (B) Flag-TAK1 from HEK293T cells transfected as indicated was immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted for ubiquitination using HA antibodies. (C) HEK293T cells were transfected with Flag-TAK1 with or without T7-CagA and with wt, Lys 48-only or Lys 63-only HA–ubiquitin as indicated. Ubiquitination of TAK1 was detected by immunoblotting the TAK1 immunoprecipitates with HA antibodies. HA, haemagglutinin; HEK, human embryonic kidney; TAK1, transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; Ub, ubiquitin; Ubn, ubiquitination; wt, wild type.