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Bacterial spreading rate in WT (black squares), srfAA− (surfactin knockout, green triangles) and hag− (flagellum knockout, red circles) bacteria. Both WT and mobility mutant bacteria exhibit wall climbing. Knocking out surfactin destroys the ability of the bacterial pellicle to collectively climb the wall, confirming that Marangoni stresses drive pellicle expansion, and that surfactin gradients are responsible for these stresses.
