. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Nov 10.

Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychol. 2009 Jul;45(4):988–1008. doi: 10.1037/a0016213

Table 7.

Predicting Stability of Internalizing Problem Behaviors From Time 1 and Time 3 Measures of Effortful Control and Emotionality (Time 1 Level of the Predictor Controlled)

	Stable low (SL) vs. deteriorators (D)				Stable low (SL) vs. improvers (IM)				Improvers (IM) vs. deteriorators (D)				Improvers (IM) vs. stable internalizers (SI)
			Confidence limits				Confidence limits				Confidence limits				Confidence limits
Variable	Contrast	OR	Lower	Upper	Contrast	OR	Lower	Upper	Contrast	OR	Lower	Upper	Contrast	OR	Lower	Upper
Attention at T3
Parent report					SL < IM^* (mother)^a	0.40	0.19	0.81	IM > D^ (mother)**	0.24	0.10	0.59	IM > SI^ (mother)**	0.36	0.17	0.77
Teacher report	SL > D^ (teacher)**	1.70	1.16	2.80					IM > D^* (teacher)	0.48	0.27	0.88
Inhibitory control at T3
Parent report					SL < IM^* (mother)^a	0.42	0.22	0.83	IM > D^* (mother)	0.35	0.15	0.79	IM > SI^* (mother)	0.55	0.27	1.09
Teacher report	SL > D^* (teacher)	1.49	1.02	2.19									IM < SI^ (mother)**^a	1.99	1.24	3.18
Observed persistence at T3					SL < IM^ (mother)**	0.13	0.03	0.59
	SL > D^* (teacher)	5.79	1.41	23.80	SL > IM^† (teacher)	5.00	0.93	26.81
Impulsivity at T3
Parent report	SL > D^* (mother)	2.75	1.06	7.11	SL > IM^† (mother)	2.08	0.90	4.81					IM > SI^† (mother)	0.48	0.22/	1.04
	SL > D^ (teacher)**	2.41	1.27	4.60
Teacher report	SL > D^* (mother)	2.22	1.03	4.78	SL > IM^* (teacher)	2.20	1.04	4.63					IM > SI^† (mother)	0.54	0.29	1.03
Anger at T3
Parent report					SL > IM^ (mother)**^a	2.59	1.37	4.93	IM < D^ (mother)**^a	3.01	1.39	6.53	IM < SI^ (mother)**	3.17	1.62	6.18
Teacher report	SL < D^ (teacher)**	0.37	0.23	0.58					IM < D^ (teacher)**	2.83	1.57	5.11	IM < SI^ (teacher)**	5.94	2.42	14.59
Sadness at T3
Parent report	SL < D^* (mother)	0.43	0.19	0.99					IM < D^* (mother)	2.56	1.04	6.33	IM < SI^ (mother)**	4.30	1.91	9.68
Teacher report	SL < D^ (teacher)**	0.14	0.07	0.29					IM < D^ (teacher)**	6.96	2.91	16.62	IM < SI^ (teacher)**	24.61	6.05	100.08

Note. Reporter for problem behaviors is indicated in parentheses after each comparison. Odds ratios (OR) over 1.0 indicate an increase in the likelihood of being in the group in bolded type in the heading, whereas an odds ratio less than 1.0 indicates a decrease in the likelihood of being in the bolded group. We generated the results displayed for the T3 effects of either effortful control/impulsivity or emotion while controlling for the analogous T1 effect. Findings in italics were evident only when we controlled for EXT status. SL = stable low group; D = deteriorator group; IM = improver group; SI = stable internalizer group.

The T1 relation between the measure of temperament and the contrast was opposite the direction of the T3 effect. When we dropped the T1 measure of temperament, the T3 effect become nonsignificant.

^†

p < .10.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.